Biology of the lonicera whitefly, Aleyrodes lonicerae Walker (Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera) were studied on violet, Viola tricolor L. (Violaceae) plants. Whitefly adults were collected from Mercurialis annua L. (Euphorbiaceae) plants in Adana. The development duration of egg, first, second, third, fourth larval (pupa) stages of A. lonicerae on V. tricolor were 9.17, 6.33, 5.83, 4.00, 5.17 and 30.50 days for the females and 10.27, 5.91, 5.55, 4.82, 4.55 and 31.10 days for the males, respectively. The total development duration from egg to adult of female and males of A. lonicerae were 30.50 and 31.10 days. The mortality rate (%) of egg, 1., 2., 3. and 4. larva (pupae) stages on violet leaves were 22.45, 18.37, 12.25, 4.08 and 8.16, respectively. According to life table depending on pre-adult stages on violet plants, the biggest k value determined was for the first larvae stage (k=0.1174). At the same time, the k-values determined indicated the stage with the highest mortality rates. In the studies conducted for host plant preference, the average numbers of eggs deposited by the females of A. lonicerae were significantly different between rose (2.67/two leaves) and violet (15.83/two leaves) in the same experimental area. The study was conducted in a climate-controlled room in at 20±2°C, 40%±5 relative humidity.

This study was carried out to investigate the floristic features (family, preference by grazers, growth form and response to grazing) and qualities of forage species collected from mountainous rangeland (Akdağ Mountain, Ladik) in the middle Black Sea region of Turkey. Forage samples were collected five times by 15-day intervals from the before-flowering stage to the after-flowering stage in 2015 and 2016. The total number of species was 105 species belonging to 73 genera and related to 26 families. Of the total species, 20 were from Poaceae (19.0%), 30 were from Poaceae (28.6%). Rests of the species belonged to other families (52.4%) dominated by families such as Asteraceae (13/55) and Lamiaceae (6/55), of which 26 species were weeds harmful to animals. While the percentages of decreaser, increaser and invader species were 16.2, 12.4 and 71.4, those of annual, biennial and perennial species were 31.9, 2.9 and 65.2, respectively. The number of species preferred by grazing was 74 (70.5%), while the number of non-preferable species was 31 (29.5%). The ME (MJ kg-1), RFQ and quality category of legumes, grass, and other botanical families were found as 8.88±0.07, 130.9±3.05 and very good, 8.00±0.07, 83.2±1.62 and good, and 8.98±0.07, 141.0±3.62 and premium, respectively. These results can be used as a management tool to improve rangeland quality and sustainability. The evidence from this study is that floristic pattern is not merely a result of invader forage species, but also might be a beneficial result that deserves further study for mountainous rangelands.

In this study, an investigation of the preference and perception of the different broiler housing and feeding systems among staff and students of Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Turkey was undertaken. A structured questionnaire was administered with a face-to-face to 790 randomly selected respondents [257 academic staff (academicians), 166 non-academic staff (worker with a secondary school national graduate diploma) and 367 undergraduate students (students)]. Most respondents preferred chicken (63.3%) and beef (32.0%) meats to fish meat (4.7%). The number of academicians preferred broiler meat (16.8%) was lower than those of students (52.6%) and workers (30.6%). There were significant differences among respondents in terms of preference and perception of different production sources of chicken meat. The proportion of academicians who preferred conventional broiler meat (68.2%) was higher than students (25.4%) and workers (6.4%). The impact of mediatic information (disinformation) about broiler meat relating to ingredients and/or feed additives used in broiler nutrition was higher on academics and students compared to workers. The results of the study indicated that as the level of education increases, the negative perception increased due to false media reports about chicken meat production and subsequently, the preference for chicken meat decreased.

Rosemary has played an important role from past to present and has antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant properties. With these features, it is used in many sectors, especially food and pharmacy. Rosemary essential oils have a positive effect on biological activity. In addition, this oil prevents lipid oxidation on foods, providing a long and fresh shelf life. Due to the high antioxidant properties of rosemary, it eliminates the harmful effect of reactive oxygen species. Since the main components of rosemary such as 1,8-cineol, camphor, α-pinene, carnosic acid, and carnosol are being antimicrobial and antifungal, it is effective against many pathogens. With this review, it is aimed to provide comprehensive information on the biological activities of rosemary and its extracts to shed light on future research.

In this study, the effects of two traditional, three reduced and a zero tillage methods applied for nine years on GEA and PMN were determined and compared. The study, initiated in 2006 as randomized block design, includes a total of 18 plots with 3 replications for 6 different soil tillage systems. In the study, six different soil tillage methods are applied, namely conventional tillage with stubbles (CT-1), conventional tillage with stubbles burned (CT-2), reduced tillage with heavy disc harrow (RT-1), reduced tillage with rototiller (RT-2), reduced tillage with heavy disc harrow (RT-3) and no tillage (NT). Winter wheat was grown as the main crop every year or corn and soybean was grown following the harvest of wheat (second crop) every other year. Differentiation of tillage systems led to a significant variation in GEA and PMN concentrations. The GEA concentration, which increased significantly with the decrease in tillage density, varied between 44.68 mg PNP kg-1 h-1 (CT-2) and 207.66 mg PNP kg-1 h-1 (STI). However, the trend determined in GEA could not be detected in PMN. Although PMN concentration was significantly higher in soils under NT, it was included in the same statistical group with RT-1 for PMN concentrations. Higher PMN concentration in no till soils can be possibly related to the non-disturbance of soil structure. The results of study revealed that reduced and no tillage systems are extremely necessary to increase the quality of soils in the region.

Xanthomonas aXonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap)’nin neden olduğu adi yaprak yanıklığı hastalığı, tropikal ve subtropikal iklimlerde önemli verim kayıplarına neden olan ve tohumla taşınan en önemli fasulye bakteriyel etmenlerinden biridir. Hastalıkla mücadelede antibiyotikler ve bakırlı preparatlar kullanılmakta, ancak patojenin dirençli mutantlarına ve fitotoksisiteye neden olmaları nedeniyle sorunlar yaşanmaktadır. Bor (B), bitki için temel bir besin elementidir ve ayrıca bitki hastalıklarına direnç sisteminde önemli bir rol oynar. Bu çalışmada, 12 farklı bor bileşiğinin Xap üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. In vitro denemelerde, kimyasalların Xap popülasyon gelişimlerine etkileri ve MIC değerleri belirlenmiştir. Kontrollü koşullarda, 6 haftalık hassas fasulye çeşidi Aras 98 bitkileri, 108 CFU ml-1 yoğunlukta Xap süspansiyonu ile inokule edilmişlerdir. Bitkiler, in vitro’da belirlenen ve kimyasala göre değişen 5 farklı (1, 5, 10, 20, 40 mM) konsantrasyonda 7 gün ara ile iki kez muamele edilmişlerdir. Hastalık şiddeti, 1-9 skalası ile değerlendirilmiş ve kontrole göre (%81,15) en düşük hastalık şiddetine sahip bileşikler; sodyum tetrafloraborat (%13,88) ve potasyum tetrafloraborat (%15,38) olarak belirlenmiştir. En düşük hastalık şiddeti ise borik asit uygulaması (%78) ile elde edilmiştir. Bitkilerde kimyasalların fitotoksik etkileri tespit edilmemiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgulara bağlı olarak, bazı bor bileşiklerinin, fasulyede adi yaprak yanıklığı hastalığı üzerindeki önemli etkileri ile organik ve sürdürülebilir tarım içerisinde yer alabileceği düşünülmektedir.

This study was carried out for two years in order to determine the effects of mychorrizal preperate (MP) applications on nutrient contents of saplings in grafted and potted grapevine sapling production. In this study, five grapevine rootstocks (140 Ru, 110 R, 41 B, 1103 P and 5 BB) and Narince grape cultivar cuttings were used. Four commercial biological preparations Roots Deep Gel, Endo Roots, Bio-one ve Biovam were applied to grafted cuttings in plastic bags grafted cuttings in greenhouse were allowed to grow for about 2 months. The effect of MP applications on nutrient intake of saplings was determined in leaf samples taken 80-90 days after MP applications. Effect of MP on P, K, Zn, Ca, Fe and Mg content of leaves were changed in according to rootstocks and mychorrizal preparation types. MP generally had positive impact on nutrient intake. Biovam, Bio-one and Endo Roots applications were more effective in terms of nutrient intake.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of vermicompost application on the growth of pepper seedlings. Fertilizer doses and application time applied to plants are among the most important factors affecting seedling quality in seedling production. Vermicompost products have many advantages from plant development to soil regulating effects, antioxidant effect and the use of all kinds of wastes (plant, animal, industrial, etc.) in production. Seedling mortar (70% peat and 30% perlite), which was constituted in the study, constituted the control group of the study. Pepper seedlings were grown by adding different doses of vermicompost (5, 10, 20%) to this control group. The properties of the vermicompost used were pH: 7.5, EC: 2.15 dS m-1, C / N: 18.71, organic matter: 64%, N: 1.25%, K2O: 1.02%, P2O5: 0.55 %). In the study, full fertilizer (EC: 1) dose and semi fertilizer (EC: 2) dose were applied in fertilization. Köylüm pepper varieties was used in the study. Total output rate (%), stem length (cm), stem diameter (mm), number of leaves (number), stem length (cm), wet and dry leaf weight (g), wet and dry body weight (g), wet and dry root weight (g) properties were determined. According to the control group, 10 and 20% vermicompost application of pepper seedlings wet weight, dry body weights and wet and dry root dry weights were statistically increased. The first emergence of plant seedlings and their marketable times were withdrawn early by vermicompost application. At the end of the study, it was determined that some of the properties examined with vermicompost application to control mortar increased. Vermicompost application showed good performance in working as an organic fertilizer that can be mixed with peat and perlite mixture.

Production and consumption of pickled vine leaves have been on increase in Tokat region of Turkey. A literature review yielded no study on consumption potential, consumer preferences, preferences and complaints about this product in the region. It has been considered that conclusions drawn from experience and ideas of consumers about pickled vine leaves could help the production sector during production processes. Aim of the present study was to find out consumption potential and consumer preferences for pickled vine leaves in Central, Erbaa, Niksar, Zile and Turhal Districts of Tokat Province through a questionnaire survey. Data from a face-to-face questionnaire carried out in Tokat Province constituted the main material of the study. Sample size of the research (383) were calculated using Proportional Sample Size. Data obtained were evaluated using per cent distributions and other descriptive statistics. All of women interviewed and their family members consumed pickled vine leaves. Average yearly consumption was 13.9 kg. Questionnaire data showed that most individuals obtained leaves directly from producers or they produced their pickled leaves from their own vineyards. More than half of consumers interviewed considered the price of pickled vine leaves on the market was fair.