The compost product, which offers many benefits such as the evaluation of organic wastes, improvement of soil structure, neutralization of toxins and pH balance of the soil, has significant potential for the improvement of our country's lands. Considering the development of animal existence in our country, the production of compost product to be obtained from feces, which is the product of these animal beings, is an issue that needs to be emphasized. The choice of plant location, which must be determined for an investment to be made for the acquisition of this product emerges as a separate problem. For this reason, in this study, the order of optimality among the alternatives for compost plant installation is considered as a multi-criteria decision making problem. For this purpose, the criteria determined for 10 clusters with the potential of 35,829 animals that can produce compost in Samsun were weighted by the SWARA method. The optimal ranking of these 10 compost clusters was carried out using the COCOSO and WASPAS methods, by means of the criteria weights taken into consideration. According to the ranking results obtained from both methods, it was determined that the cluster number 27 was in the first rank, the cluster no 13 was in the second rank, and the cluster no 14 was in the third rank.

Çalışmada, Gerbera bitkisine ait Basic, Ulaş ve Terra Ozan çeşitlerinin vazo ömrünü arttırmak amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla doğal yollarla elde edilen ceviz çayı (%33 ve %50) ve lavanta yağı emdirilmiş (1000 ve 1500 ppm) mikro kapsüller kullanılmıştır. Kontrol grubu solüsyonları da dahil olmak üzere vazo solüsyonlarının hepsine %4 şeker ilavesi yapılmıştır. Deneme, her solüsyon çeşidi için 3 tekerrür (üç vazo) ve her tekerrürde 1 çiçek olacak şekilde kurulmuştur. Deneme sonunda, Terra Ozan çeşidinde hem ceviz çayı hemde lavanta yağı uygulamalarının vazo ömründe önemli bir değişime neden olmadığı görülmüştür. Basic çeşidinde lavanta yağı içeren solüsyondaki çiçeklerin vazo ömrü, ceviz çayı içeren solüsyondakilere göre daha uzun olmuş ancak her iki uygulamada kontrole kıyasla önemli bir farklılık oluşturmamıştır. Ulaş çeşidinde ise hem ceviz çayı hemde lavanta yağı uygulamaları çiçeklerin vazo ömründe önemli artışlara neden olmuştur. Yapılan uygulamalar çiçek gövdelerinin su alımında da önemli değişimlere neden olmuştur. Su alımını artıran uygulamalar vazo ömrünü de artırmıştır.

Kanatlı hayvanların sindirim sistemi kısa olduğundan yemlerin sindirim sisteminde kalış süresi kısadır. Buna ilave olarak, kanatlı hayvan türlerinin birçoğunun selüloz, selüloz fraksiyonları (ADF ve NDF) ile nişasta tabiatında olmayan polisakkaritleri sindirebilme ve bunlardan yararlanma yetenekleri düşüktür. Bundan dolayı kanatlı hayvanların beslenmesinde besin madde içeriği yüksek olan daha pahalı yemlerin kullanılması zorunlu hale gelmektedir. Bu durum ise beyaz et ve yumurta gibi hayvansal ürünlerin fiyatlarını yükseltmektedir. Kanatlı hayvan beslemedeki bu dezavantajı avantaja çevirmek için sindirim sistemi daha güçlü, selülozca zengin ucuz yem kaynaklarını daha iyi sindirebilen, kaba yemlerden daha iyi yararlanabilen alternatif kanatlı hayvanlara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Sahip olduğu özellikler açısından değerlendirildiğinde, ucuz yem kaynaklarından daha iyi yararlanabilecek kanatlı hayvanlardan birisinin de kaz olduğu görülecektir. Kazların selülozca zengin kaba yemlerden etkin bir şekilde yararlanabilmesi, yem giderlerini azaltmak suretiyle hayvansal ürünlerin daha ekonomik olması için uygun bir fırsat sunmaktadır. Diğer kanatlı hayvanlara göre kaba yemlerden daha iyi yararlanmasından dolayı beyaz et ve yumurta üretimi için kaz yetiştiriciliğinin yaygınlaştırılması özellikle kırsaldaki nüfus için önemli bir gelir ve geçim kaynağı olabilir. Bu derlemede, kazların mikrobiyal sindirim özellikleri, selüloz başta olmak üzere selüloz fraksiyonlarından ve nişasta tabiatında olmayan yem unsurlarından yararlanabilme yetenekleri incelenmiştir.

Beekeeping; It is a branch of agriculture that provides cheap and easy employment opportunities, is not dependent on land, is a sole source of livelihood for families with landless or little land and has no harmful effects on the environment and nature. Our current geographical location is among the countries suitable for beekeeping in our country with the coexistence of four seasons. Beekeeping has become widespread in our country with the increasing interest in natural life and natural products, with developing technologies day by day. When the data from the 2000s to the present are examined, it is noteworthy that the number of hives has increased every year. In the last twenty (2000-2020) years, there has been an increase of 11.29% in the number of old hives, and an increase of 95.62% in the number of new hives. At the same time, it was determined that there was an increase of 70.36% in honey production and a decrease of 16.83% in bee wax production. In this review article, the current situation of beekeeping, which is the branch of animal husbandry in Turkey, together with 20 years of data has been examined.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of Trichoderma harzianum on seedling growth and quality as two consecutive experiments during the spring months of 2018. In the first experiment, four different T. harzianum strains and a commercial preparate were used by adding into seed sowing substrate and compared with control group which had no treatment. The most promising strain (strain2), was used with and without foliar fertilizer (20:20:20) and foliar fertilizer itself was considered as control. Emergence period and rate were determined to observe the effects of treatments of germination of seeds. Regarding the seedling growth and quality, seedling length, root length, hypocotyl diameter, leaf thickness, fresh and dry weights of root and shoots, dry matter content, color, chlorophyll index, leaf macro and micro plant nutrient contents and seedling quality index were determined at the planting stage. Data obtained from the first experiment showed that the effects of T. harzianum strains on seedling morphology, physiology and nutrient content were different. Among the tested strains, strain2 showed better performance on seedling length, root and shoot dry matter contents, total fresh weight, chlorophyll, a color value and P, Ca, Mn, Cu and Zn contents of leaves and improved seedling quality. The second experiment result showed that the foliar fertilizer application increased the efficiency of T. harzianum strain2. T. harzianum strain2 without foliar fertilizer remained below the control treament in all measured parameters. When all the data were evaluated together, it was concluded that T. harzianum could be used to increase seedling quality due to its positive effects on seedling biomass, plant nutrition uptake and quality index. Moreover, it can be used in organic seedling production as alternative biostimulant.

Urban green spaces are areas established to meet the recreational needs of urban people. Although green spaces vary from country to country and region in terms of plan and design features, they were basically created to allow people to meet with nature. Parks are the basic components of urban landscapes that provide environmental and social functional value. Urban parks, in particular, provide spaces for outdoor physical activities. In order to take advantage of the opportunities of activities in the parks, users must have convenient access to these resources. One of the most important aspects for researching the use and potential benefits of urban green spaces is the assessment of their geographic accessibility. The widespread use of smart city systems and the gradual expansion of their usage areas increase the importance of spatial analysis. Spatial analyses are used in today’s urban management in the processes of determining social needs, identifying current problems, and putting forward solutions. When spatial analyses are used together with GIS, the field of application develops even more, and it supports local governments in responding to the changing demands of the society for a better life. In the study, the adequacy and accessibility of 160 city parks in Konyaaltı District of Antalya Province were examined. In terms of the adequacy of the parks, the area value of 10 m2 per person determined with the Construction Plan numbered 3194 was taken as basis. In terms of accessibility, distance values of 200, 400, 800, 1,200 meters were examined. Neighborhood boundaries and population information were obtained from the relevant units, and Arc-GIS software was used in the analysis. It was determined that the parks in Konyaaltı district were insufficient in terms of adequacy and accessibility. Finally, suggestions were made in terms of increasing the adequacy of the parks and ensuring accessibility.

There are 97 local olive varieties registered in our country, and Saurani is an olive variety from originating Hatay/Altınözü. Hatay province, which ranks first in olive production in the Mediterranean Region, has very suitable climate and soil conditions for olive cultivation. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of olive maturity on quality parameters such as free fatty acids, peroxide value and fatty acid composition of the oil obtained from the Saurani olive variety grown in Hatay. For this purpose, olive oil was obtained by mechanical method from olives collected from Saurani variety in 3 different maturity periods of the 2020 production season. In Saurani olive oil, free fatty acids and peroxide numbers were found in the range of 0.62-0.91 % (oleic acid) and 3.68-5.26 meq O2/kg respectively. The amount of free fatty acids increased with maturity. In Saurani olive oil were determined oleic acid in the range of 66.32%-68.79%, palmitic acid in the range of12.47-13.75%, linoleic acid in the range of 11.43-13.84%, stearic acid in the range of 3.16-3.42%, palmitoleic acid 1.12%-1.34%, linolenic acid 0.88-1.01% and arachidic acid 0.41-0.52. It was determined that decrease in oleic acid content and an increase in linoleic acid content with maturity. It has been determined that Saurani olive oil is within the limits specified in the Turkish Food Codex on Olive Oil and Pirina Olive Oil in terms of the examined properties.

In the present study, the production amount in the last five years (2015-2019) of Sinop province, which is located in the Black Sea Region and a significant part of fisheries production is carried out, was evaluated. For this purpose; Sinop Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry and TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute) data were used. There are 2.326 commercial fishermen and 444 fishing boats in Sinop province. In the sea area of Sinop, 5 enterprises still produce culture fish in cages. The 2 potential marine culture areas identified in Sinop have an annual production capacity of 32.430 tons (31 enterprises). In addition, 5 bivalves (4.940 tons/year) and 1.000.000 number/year capacity juvenile fish production facilities are at the project stage. The total fisheries production of Sinop Province in 2019 was 34.620,9 tons, and 1.505 tons were obtained from aquaculture. In addition to these, 3.924 tons of fish processing facilities per year, and 35 tons of fish meal and oil processing facilities per year are operated. 66% of sea fish caught in Sinop are anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus ponticus), 16% sprat (Sprattus sprattus phalericus), 13% horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), 3% bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) and 2% consists of other species. The most preferred marine fish by the consumers are anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus ponticus), horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), whiting (Merlangus merlangus), red mullet (Mullus barbatus), bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), turbot (Psetta maxima) and bonito (Sarda sarda) and sea bream (Sparus aurata), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) are the culture fish species offered for sale throughout the year.

Bu çalışmada, 2017-2019 yılları arasında Konya ilinin 22 ilçe ve bölgesinden yaprak ve sürgünlerde yanıklık, olgun dallarda nekrotik dokuların kahverengi renk değişikliği ile kanser belirtileri gösteren toplam 49 örnek toplanmıştır. İlden toplanan ve hastalık belirtisi gösteren örneklerde E. amylovora bulunma oranı, üç yıl içinde böğürtlen ve ahududu için %40, kuşburnu için %33 olarak belirlenmiştir. Hastalık belirtisi gösteren dokulardan izole edilen bakteriler, böğürtlenden izole edilen bir referans E. amylovora izolatı (Kbb 371) ile karşılaştırmalı olarak biyokimyasal, fizyolojik ve moleküler testler ile tanımlanmıştır. Toplam 27 bakteriyel izolat; Gram negatif, çubuk şekilli, mukoid, fermentatif, levan tipte koloni oluşturan ve asetoin üretimi için pozitif, 36°C'de gelişim göstermeyen, jelatini hidrolize eden, ve eskülin hidrolizi, indol, üreaz, katalaz, laktozdan asit üretimi, inositol, oksidaz, arginin dehidrolaz ve nitrat indirgenmesi testleri için negatif reaksiyonlar vermişlerdir. Tüm izolatlar, steril distile su içinde 108 hücre ml-1 bakteri süspansiyonu ile inokulasyondan sonraki 24 saat sonra içinde tütünde (Nicotiana tobacum cv. White Burley) aşırı duyarlılık reaksiyonuna neden olmuştur. İzolatlar, moleküler olarak PCR'de 1 kb'lik bir DNA parçasını amplifiye eden türe özgü primerler seti (A/B) ve matris destekli lazer desorpsiyon/iyonizasyon kütle spektrometrisi (MALDITOF-MS) kullanılarak etmen E. amylovora olarak tanımlanmıştır. Koch postülatlarını yerine getirmek amacıyla, 3 yaşındaki böğürtlen Rubus fruticosus cv. Chester, ahududu R. idaeus cv. Heritage ve kuşburnu R. canina' nın sürgün uçlarına 108 hücre ml-1 bakteri süspansiyonu ve kontrol bitkilere steril saf su enjekte edilerek patojenite testleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bakteri inokule edilen bitkilerden etmen yeniden izole edilerek biyokimyasal ve moleküler testlerle E. amylovora olarak tanımlanmıştır. Potansiyel inokulum kaynağı olarak bakterinin, yeni böğürtlen, ahududu ve kuşburnu yetiştirme alanlarına daha fazla yayılmasını önlemek için bitki sağlığı önlemlerinin alınması gerekmektedir.

During the pandemic process that has been going on for more than a year since the pandemic period was declared in 2020, the troubles and restrictions faced by people negatively affect the morale motivation of people. In this study, the definition of recreation areas, which are the leading places where people feel happy and peaceful, has been defined, what they contain is mentioned, and the adequacy of the recreational areas has been discussed in the survey and it has been determined that they are one of the most important needs in the cities. In the example of the recreation area of Çubuk-1 dam, it was investigated whether there is a change in the attitudes and behaviors of people before and after the pandemic, not face to face due to the pandemic, but through a voluntary survey based on social media. Although individuals thought that it was crowded after the pandemic, they preferred to use the recreation area of Çubuk-1 dam by paying attention to mask, distance and hygiene rules. The positive effects of physical activity, socialization, and outdoor travel on health are generally accepted by individuals. During the pandemic process, it has been observed that people have changed the way they spend their free time and the places they want to be, as they are overwhelmed by staying in their homes due to the prohibitions. The psychological and physical positive effects of recreation areas on human health and the changes caused by the pandemic in people's attitudes and behaviors paralleled the responses of the participants to the questionnaire.