The electronic tongue is defined as the device, consisting of a series of sensors, used to characterize the taste of complex liquid or converted into liquid form samples. This device can be used in many fields of application; in medicine, chemistry, environment, and food industry. In the food industry. usually, the electronic tongue is used to control the freshness, the maturity, and the non-deterioration of fruits, vegetables, meats, beverages, and dairy products. Commonly, trained panelists participate in taste and sensory analysis. However, the electronic tongue is preferred due to the encountered disadvantages, where the taste perception is subjective and moreover, varies from an individual to another. In the present review, the basic structure of electronic tongues with different systems, working principles, food application areas, advantages, and disadvantages are discussed.

The purpose of agricultural policies is to meet the food demand that the society needs. While supports and incentives for agricultural production increase production, they can have negative consequences on climate change. In parallel with the increase in agricultural production and climate change in the world, there has been a serious increase in both food waste and obese numbers recently. While the overproduction effort of agricultural products creates pressure on the environment, it causes obesity and overweight problems. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Turkey is at the forefront among the countries where there are obese and overweight people. In the 11th Development Plan in Turkey, in 2018 the prevalence of obesity is 30% (for ages 15 and over) in 2023 is targeted to be reduced to 29.1. The aim of this research is to draw attention to the relationship between climate change and obesity and to address the issue within the framework of the 11th Development Plan. Obesity issues for Turkey; since it is important in terms of food security, climate change and agricultural policies, it is necessary to develop political guidance and protection measures in terms of health, economy, education, environment and national security.

Akışkan yatak sistemi, ağır sanayiden, eczacılık, kimya ve gıda sanayisine kadar geniş kullanım alanı bulmaktadır. Bu sistemde küçük katı parçacıklar hava ile temas ettirilir ve hareketleri sağlanarak yatak içerisinde askıda tutulmaları sağlanır. Yatak içerisinde akışkanlaşmanın başladığı andaki hız olarak tanımlanan minimum akışkanlaşma hızı, akışkan yatak sistemlerin en önemli tasarım ve işletme parametresidir. Toz gıdalarda akışkan yatak, kurutma, aglomerasyon, granülasyon ve kaplama proseslerinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Akışkan yatak teknolojisinde birçok olay eş zamanlı olarak gerçekleştiğinden sistem üzerine etki eden çok sayıda değişken mevcuttur. Bu derlemede, akışkan yatak, toz gıda proseslerinde akışkan yatak uygulamaları ve akışkan yatak sisteminin kullanılması sırasında dikkat edilmesi gereken parametreler hakkında bilgi sunulmaktadır.

Field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of prilled urea (PU) and urea super granule (USG) with their different nitrogen levels (N1 : 70, N2 : 100 and N3 : 130% of the recommended dose) on rice and NH4+-N/NO3- -N in post-harvest soil. Experiment was laid out in a randomized completely block design with three replications at Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) Farm, Mymensingh, Bangladesh during 2015-16. Higher yield attributing characters (plant height, effective tiller panicle-1, panicle length were achieved from USG × N2 treatment. USG, N2 (100% N) and USG × N2 produced the highest grain (3.60, 3.64, 3.78 t ha-1) and straw yield (3.55, 3.45, 3.70 t ha-1) respectively. Though USG × N3 treatment produced the highest effective tiller, panicle length and unfilled grain but USG × N2 treatment produced maximum grain yield of rice due to higher filled grain. In respect of mineral nitrogen, NH4+-N was decreased with the increase in soil depth but opposite result was found in NO3- -N in soil. Deep placement of USG fertilizer released NH4+-N slowly and steadily compared to prilled urea in soil. As a result, one time fertilizer application of USG is better than three times broadcast application of PU in terms of crop yield, nitrogen status in different depth of soil and labour cost. Future research needs to develop the effective USG fertilizer applicator for deep placement in soil during crop production.

Genetic improvement in components of economic importance along with maintaining a sufficient amount of variability is always the desired objective in the any maize (Zea mays L.) breeding program which will be handled under the conditions of Haramaya, Eastern Ethiopia. Therefore, an experiment was conducted using (27) and (3) check/control varieties to determine the genetic variability of maize genotypes at Haramaya, eastern Ethiopia. The study results revealed that significantly the tallest plant heights for (PH) were recorded from (3) (170 cm) and (18) (167.5 cm) genotypes whereas the shortest PH were recorded from (13) (117.5 cm) and (23) genotypes (120 cm). Good plant aspects (PA) were obtained from genotype 12, 22 and 26 (PA-1.5) and poor PA were attained from genotype 1 (PA-2.5). Besides, genetic and phenotypic variances were estimated for seven components. The highest genotypic coefficients variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) were calculated from grain yield (GY – 23.39%). Comparatively the higher GY were attained from the genotypes of 3, 9 and 12. It can be concluded that almost all components of the PCV are greater than the GCV. Superior selected genotypes are recommended to the researchers /breeders to develop disease resistant and high yielder varieties to increase maize production by farmers under Haramaya and other similar agroecologies.

Tuber samples were collected from Kırklareli province on the 10th of August 2020 and they are identified by implementing both traditional methods and molecular phylogenetic analysis using the rDNA sequences including Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and 28S Ribosomal Large Subunit (LSU) regions. By taking into account the high sequence similarity between the collected samples (ANK Akata 7351) and the truffle species Tuber fulgens Quél. the collected specimen was regarded as T. fulgens and the morphological data also consolidated this finding. As a result, T. fulgens was reported for the first time from Turkey. A short description of the newly reported species is given along with its macro and microphotographs, and spore images taken by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Additionally, ITS and LSU rDNA based evolutionary history of the specimen is provided with phylogenetic trees.

Irrigation scheduling is important for efficient use of applied water and for maximizing crop yields. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term effect of drip irrigation frequency on soil hydro-physical properties of an Alfisol and performance of two maize varieties, at the Teaching and Research Farm, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Southwest Nigeria. The experiment was laid out using a split-plot experiment in randomized complete block design (RCBD) and three replications. Irrigation frequency constituted the main plot namely: irrigation four times a week (I4), irrigation thrice a week (I3), and irrigation twice a week (I2) of re-filling soil to field capacity while the subplot was maize variety namely: V1: SAMMAZ-27 and V2: OBA-super-6. Plant growth parameters and soil physical properties of soil water content (SWC), bulk density (BD) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) were monitored during the growing cycle. Water use efficiency (WUE) and yield components were determined at maturity. There were significant interactions between irrigation regime and maize variety on SWC and Ksat. The maximum bulk density (BDmax) and optimum soil water content SWCopt were 1.41 g/cm3 and 0.12 g/g, respectively. Plant height (PH) did not differ between the two maize varieties throughout the growth cycle. Drip irrigation frequency did not significantly affect plant height until growth stage V12 (12 fully opened leaves), with I4 irrigation treatment having the tallest plant. Both drip irrigation and maize variety had no significant influence on both LAI and CC, neither was there any significant interaction effect. Increasing irrigation water increased maize yield and yield components. The treatment combination of I4V1 had the highest performance indices in terms of yield components. WUE decreased with increasing frequency of irrigation water application while the WUE of SAMMAZ-27 > OBA-super-6. Therefore, irrigating four times a week and SAMAZ-27 maize variety could be a suitable irrigation-variety combination for providing sustainable irrigation agriculture for maize in this region.

The purpose of this research is to measure the economic performance and development of rainbow trout farming in inland waters in Turkey. As a result of the research, it was determined that the farms use an average of 82% of their capacities. There was a negative relationship between the farm-scale and CUR, and as the farm scale grows, the CUR decreases. The average feed conversion rate (FCR) of the enterprises was calculated as 1.12. Fish capital (36.8%) had the largest share in active capital, and equity capital (87.2%) had the largest share in passive capital. Net profits of farms falling to one-tonne production capacity; it was calculated as 2.374 TRY in small-scale farms, 1.322 TRY in medium-scale farms and 1.896 TRY in large-scale farms. The proportional profit of farms was 1.08, 0.99, and 1.17, respectively. The average current ratio value of the examined farms was calculated as 3.67 and liquidity ratios as 3.55. As the farm's scale grows, current ratio values also increase, and large-scale farms had more cash assets than small and medium-scale farms. As a result of the research; It can be said that the trout-breeding farms in Turkey have current assets that can pay their short term debts. The average borrowing rate of farms was 0.16. In other words, 16% of the financial assets of the trout farms in Turkey were met from debts. The turnover rate of the assets of the farms was 0.79 and is below the sector average. The average rate of economic profitability of farms was calculated as 0.13. In other words, the income that farms generate from aquaculture is more than the opportunity cost.

In this study, the change of farmer behaviour, which is thought to change slowly, over a 30 period, was evaluated in terms of information sources. In the study, the change in farmer attitudes with a longitudinal approach was designed in a process, and the data obtained from the same farmers and the same questionnaire forms were changed over time. A survey conducted in 1989 was repeated in the same region, in the same survey forms and in the same sample group (66 farmers) in 2019. In the analysis phase of the data obtained from the surveys, Multiple Compliance Analysis Technique was used. In the Polatlı District of Ankara Province, the long-term approach of 66 farmers, especially the changes in information sources and the non-logging habits of their businesses, has been determined with a longitudinal approach. The research results revealed that urban people have become close to rural areas and agriculture, and that their farmers have become close to district and provincial centres. As in all economic activities, research results support that the same jobs in agriculture for the long time do not have the opportunity to do the same and to be content with the knowledge left from the ancestor. This result is the most concrete indication that knowledge-based agriculture has become inevitable in every respect.

Rainbow trout, a salmonid species has an economic importance worldwide and contributes to the indigenous food security. The present study was conducted in complete randomized design (CRD) to evaluate the dietary inclusion of citric acid with phytase as supplement on growth responses of rainbow trout. There were four treatments of diets with 0.5% citric acid (T1), 1% citric acid (T2), 1.5% citric acid (T3) and 0% control (T4) of citric acid incorporated with 1200FYT phytase as supplement. The treatments were replicated three times. Total harvest weight of fish in T3 (5720.2±105.6g) was significantly higher and different than T2 (4595.9±434.9g), T1 (4589.8±240.2g) and T4 (4567.5±217.3g). The highest daily growth rate was seen in treatment T3 (1.1±0.0) which was significantly different than T2 (0.9±0.0), T1 (0.9±0.0) and T4 (0.8±0.0). The highest specific growth rate was seen in the treatment T3 (0.8±0.01) which was significantly different than T1 (0.7±0.0), T2 (0.7±0.1) and T4 (0.7±0.0). The lowest food conversion ratio was seen in T3 (2.2±0.1) which was significantly different with T2 (2.6±0.1), T1 (2.7±0.1) and T4 (2.8±0.1). Similarly, the highest protein efficiency ratio was seen in treatment T3 (1.0±0.1) which was not significantly different with T2 (0.8±0.0) and T1 (0.8±0.1) but was significantly different than T4 (0.7±0.0). No significant changes were observed in water temperature, dissolve oxygen and pH under different treatments. The present findings demonstrated that dietary inclusion of citric acid with phytase as supplement enhance growth by reducing the pH in the gut which increases the phytate hydrolysis, kills the pathogens, decreases the rate of gastric emptying, improves mineralization and nutrient absorption.