This study aimed to investigate the presence of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw buffalo milk and buffalo milk products such as cheese, yogurt, cream, and ice cream by ELISA technique. In the study, 175 samples were investigated, and it was determined that 146 (83.43%) of the samples had AFM1 concentrations below the LOD (limit of detection) value. In 29 samples (16.57%), the AFM1 concentration exceeded the LOD value, and in 7 (4%) of these, the AFM1 concentration was above the legal limits (50 ng/L). While AFM1 was not detected in raw buffalo milk samples, the presence of AFM1 in cheese, yogurt, cream, and ice cream samples was found to be 2.85%, 2.85%, 62.85%, and 14.3%, respectively. 2.85% of cheese samples and 17.1% of cream samples were found contaminated with AFM1 above the allowed legal limits (50 ng/L). As a result, it was determined that the potential for exposure to AFM1 by consuming buffalo cream was higher than the consumption of buffalo milk and other buffalo milk products. However, the detection of AFM1 above legal limits in buffalo milk products poses a serious risk to public health. Therefore, it is extremely necessary for public health to develop effective monitoring programs to control aflatoxin contamination in milk and new strategies to maintain inspections.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of resveratrol extract (RE) and curcumin extract (CE) added to diet on the serum biochemical parameters and hepatic enzyme levels as Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), and Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) of broiler. A total number of 200, 0-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were used in the study. The animals were divided into 5 groups; the control group was fed only basal diet but groups RE-1, RE-2, CE-1 and CE-2 had 250 mg/kg RE, 500 mg/kg RE, 250 mg/kg CE and 500 mg/kg CE, respectively, added to their diets. At the end of the study, 10 randomly selected animals from each group were slaughtered and blood was taken from the vena jugularis and used in the analysis. In the examinations, it was determined that the serum creatinine level in the group RE-1 and the Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) level increased significantly in the group CE-2 group. In addition, it was determined that the albumin/globulin ratio in the RE-2 group, and the magnesium (Mg) level increased significantly in the RE-1 and RE-2 groups. It was found to be statistically similar in all groups that serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatine kinase (CK), ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, amylase, total protein, albumin, globulin, calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) levels. As a result, it was observed that the additives applied did not have an effect on serum hepatic enzymes and partially affected other routine biochemical parameters.

Ethiopia is considered as the possible origin and center of diversity for okra. Therefore, this study was conducted with the objectives of determining the genetic distance between indigenous okra collections and exotic commercial varieties and assessing genetic diversity of okra genotypes. The field experiment was conducted at Dire Dawa in 2016 using 14 indigenous collections and 11 exotic varieties in 5 x 5 triple lattice design. Data were collected on 9 and 29 qualitative and quantitative traits, respectively. The genetic distance measured by Euclidean distance ranged from 3.1 to 12.6 with a mean of 7.2. The highest genetic distances were observed between indigenous okra collections and exotic varieties viz. Guba-12 and NamdHari (12.6) followed by Guba-12 and Vellayani (12.3) and Mythri and Guba-12 (11.8). Dendrogram constructed by Unweighted Pair-group Method with Arithmetic Means grouped the 25 genotypes into seven major clusters in which the three clusters (Cluster II, III and V) were solitary, consisted of one genotype each, Cluster I consisted of six Indian commercial varieties, Cluster IV comprised of seven genotypes (four indigenous okra collections, one variety from USA and two from India), while Cluster VI and VII comprised of 5 and 4 indigenous okra collections, respectively. This study revealed the presence of wide genetic diversity among indigenous okra collections and exotic commercial varieties.

In this experiment the effects of different root weights (50-99, 100-149, 150-199, 200-250 g) and increasing doses of boron application to soil (0, 100, 200, 300 g/da) on plant, siliqua, characteristics, and seed yield, germination and emergence in radish were investigated. In this research ‘‘Ç.Ü. Seleksiyon No:2’ radish genotype was used as plant material which developed by selection breeding method at Cukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture. The experiment was carried out in open field and greenhouse conditions in 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. Radish roots were grown in an open field. Roots harvested for seed production were classified according to their weight and transferred to pots in the greenhouse. In this study, plant length (cm) plant diameter (mm), number of leaves (number/plant), number of siliquas (number/plant), siliqua length and width (mm), number of seeds (number/siliqua), 1000 seed weight (g), seed yield (g/plant), seed germination (%) and seed emergency (%) were analysed. According to the results of the two-year research, positive effects of increasing root weight were observed on the parameters measured in the plants, while the application of boron at different doses was found to be significant only in terms of the number of leaves. In terms of siliqua and seed characteristics, it was revealed that the increase in the root weight and applied boron dose was not effective except the increase in seed yield. Although seed germination was not affected by the applications, the best results were obtained from the application of 200 g/da boron at seedling emergence.

This study was carried out in order to reveal the situation of aquarium sales enterprises in Elazig and to determine their problems. In the study, a total of 14 enterprises (aquarist) were asked questions by the survey method. It has been determined that a significant part of the existing enterprises is located in the center of Elazig (93%), all of them continue to operate as tenants and their operating periods are over 5 years. It has been noted that 86% of the personnel working in the enterprises are male and 14% are female. It was determined that the most sold fish species in the research area were 2 fish species belonging to 2 families. It has been observed that one of the important problems in aquarium businesses is fish diseases. It has been determined that 93% of the fish sales of the Covid-19 pandemic period were negatively affected and 7% were positively affected.

This study focused on the determination of secondary metabolites to an evaluation of the biological activity of Elaeocarpus variabilis Zmarzty fruit extract, an endemic medicinal plant. Their total Phenolic, tannin, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins contents were quantified and their antioxidant activity, determined by DPPH, total antioxidant, ABTS, FRAP and Fe2+ chelating activity. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity. The most relevant contents in total phenolics (Gallic Acid Equivalent mg/g), tannin (Gallic Acid Equivalent mg/g), total flavonoids (Rutin equivalent mg/g), total alkaloids (Quinine equivalent mg/g), and total saponin (Diosgenin equivalent mg/g) were observed. Significant correlations were established between antioxidant activity and secondary metabolites. Though the in vitro anti-diabetic activity was carried out using -amylase and -glucosidase inhibition, this indicates that the absorption and digestion of carbohydrates would probably reduce the blood glucose levels and hence help the management of type-2 diabetes. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited the potential of anticancer activity on human HT-29 colon cancer cell line IC50 values (30.0 ± 1.0) the valuable activity that compared to doxorubicin (17.0 ± 0.5). While this is the first study concerning extract from E. variabilis, our findings highlighted the richness’ in flavonoids of those extracts and their amazing potential as a source of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anticancer agents.

This study analysed the economics of plantain production in Northeast Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to; describe plantain farmers’ socio-economic characteristics in Northeast Nigeria; identify factors affecting plantain production in the study area, and also ascertain farmers’ resource use efficiency in plantain production. The study adopted a multi-stage sampling technique to collect primary data from 250 plantain farmers selected from 13 communities. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics and a stochastic frontier model were used. The finding of the study indicated that most (86.8%) of the respondents were male, having an average age of the respondents was 39.15 years, who are mostly educated (92.8%) and cultivate an average of 2.39 ha of land. The stochastic frontier production function maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters indicated that the production of plantain is determined by farm size, the number of suckers planted, the amount of hired labour used, and family labour. Similarly, the plantain production cost is being influenced by the cost of plantain suckers, labour, and the depreciated cost of land. Furthermore, the study revealed that the farmers were technically and allocatively efficient, although, the maximum technical efficiency was not achieved by farmers. Therefore, it was recommended that agricultural extension agents should be encouraged to reach plantain farmers with the required production technologies to promote production efficiency.

Grape pickle is a traditional food that is made with grapes (Vitis vinifera), horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) and grape syrup. In this study, the survival of Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli in grape pickles produced with or without using probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 as well as microbiological, chemical and sensory properties of each group were examined during 35 days of ripening at 25°C and 5 months at refrigerated storage period. Molds and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts remained below the limit of detection (6 log in samples to be considered a probiotic product. E. coli counts rapidly declined to undetectable level within 7 days, while B. cereus numbers was found 1.56-1.72 log cfu/g at the end of the storage period. As a result, it was established that traditional grape pickle is not suitable food matrix for probiotication. High total soluble solid content (63 °Brix) and presence of horseradish in grape pickles ensure the microbiological stability as well as the safety of product.

Bu çalışmanın amacı atık bir ürün olan elekaltı fasulyenin yumurtlayan bıldırcın rasyonlarında ham ve kavrulmuş olarak kullanılmasının performansa, yumurta kalitesine ve serum metabolik profiline etkisini incelemektir. Bu amaçla 70 günlük yaşta toplam 160 adet dişi Japon bıldırcını 4 seviye (0, 6, 12 ve 18) elekaltı fasulyenin ve 2 işlem tekniğinin (ham ve kavurulmuş) oluşturduğu 8 muamele grubuna 5 tekerrürlü olarak rastgele dağıtılmıştır. Kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında yem tüketimi ve yemden yararlanma oranı %12 elekaltı fasulye seviyesinde olumsuz etkilenmiş ve %18 seviyesinde olumsuz etki daha da belirgin olmuştur. Yumurta kitlesi ve kabuk kırılma direnci rasyonda elekaltı fasulye kullanımından istatistiki olarak etkilenmiş ve bu parametreler için en iyi sonuçlar %6 seviyesinde elde edilmiştir. Kabuk kalınlığı %12 ve 18 elekaltı fasulye seviyesinde önemli derecede azalmıştır. Bıldırcınların serum glukoz konsantrasyonu rasyonda %18 elekaltı fasulye kullanımı ile ve serum fosfor konsantrasyonu ise %6 seviyesinde elekaltı fasulye kullanımı ile önemli derecede artmıştır. Elekaltı fasulyenin kavrulması ile yumurta verimi, yumurta kitlesi ve yem değerlendirme ile serumun total protein, albümin ve fosfor konsantrasyonları önemli derecede iyileşmiştir. Elekaltı fasulye seviyesi ve işlem tekniğinin oluşturduğu interaksiyonları sadece kabuk kalınlığına ve serum glukoz konsantrasyonunu istatistiki olarak etkilemiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre elekaltı fasulye yumurtlayan bıldırcın rasyonlarında %6 seviyesine kadar kullanılabileceği ve kavurma işleminin performans ve serum parametrelerini iyileştirdiği gözlenmiştir.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different doses (10, 20 and 30%) of sumac shrub leaf substitution instead of corn silage in sheep rations on in vitro gas and methane production, metabolic energy (ME), net energy lactation (NEL) and organic matter digestion degree. Sheep ration consisting of corn silage (20%), alfalfa straw (22.5%), dry meadow grass (20%), and commercial feed (37.5%) constituted the control group. The experimental groups were formed by substituting 10 (S1), 20 (S2) and 30 (S3) percent sumac shrub leaves for corn silage in the control (C) group formed the experimental groups. The effect of sumac shrub leaf substitution on in vitro gas and methane production, metabolic energy, net energy lactation, and organic matter digestion degree was found to be significant. The 24-hour in vitro gas production values of rations ranged between 43.11- 46.77 ml/200 mg DM, methane production values 6.8-7.48 ml, metabolic energy values 8.91-9.41 MJ/kg DM, net energy lactation, 5.59-5.95 MJ/kg DM and organic matter digestion degree values found between 64.25 and 67.61%. As a result, it was determined that increasing doses of sumac shrub leaf substitute reduced gas and methane production. In addition, it was concluded that the data obtained should be supported by determining the microorganism counts, feed consumption amounts, and feed efficiency coefficients with in vivo studies.