While shellfish species are widely consumed due to their nutritional advantages, they are also among the top eight food items for food-borne allergies. Five distinct thermal processing techniques were applied to the crustacean to investigate the tropomyosin level variations caused by heat processing. Fresh shrimp and prawns were utilized as controls for the determination of allergen-encoding genes. Prior to molecular analysis, the proximate composition and acidity of raw and processed samples were also performed. The yield and purity of DNA were also determined. Melting curve and gel electrophoresis tests verified the existence of allergen-coding genes. Thermal processing procedures affected the proximate composition, particularly the total protein and fat concentrations, according to the findings. Following the heat treatment, the pH levels decreased, particularly in the grilled samples. There were also significant differences in the quantity and quality of the extracted DNA. Regardless of crustacean species, the tropomyosin-encoding gene was detected in both fried and grilled samples. These findings demonstrated that RT-PCR identification and validation of the crustacean allergy gene by gel electrophoresis might be a reliable approach for the thermally treated shrimp and prawn samples. This study shows that investigating the allergen coding gene might provide a viable way for detecting food-borne allergens in other thermally processed food items, which are becoming more concerned about food safety.

Shalgam juice is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverages in Türkiye and also in many countries. The high amount of production, regarding the high amount of consumption leads to an inevitable amount of solid waste.  This amount reaches to almost 12 million kg of fermented black carrot annually. The accumulation of this waste causes fatal environmental pollution. The waste of shalgam juice process, fermented black carrot, retains significant amount of valuable components, such as phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. In this study new generation green solvents, Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) were screened for the extraction of valuable phenolics from fermented black carrot using ultrasound assisted extraction. The NADESs used were selected from four different groups such as acidic, sugar-based, choline chloride-sugar based and polyol-based. According to the results, the members of polyol and choline chloride sugar NADESs showed up. Choline chloride-glycerol (polyol group), extracted the highest total phenol amount (16.04 mg/g) and also provided the highest antioxidant activity (81.77%). On the other hand, NADESs belonging to choline chloride-sugar group were effective for the extraction of flavonoids and monomeric anthocyanins. Namely, choline chloride-fructose-water extract contained 21.45 mg/g of total flavonoids, while choline chloride-sucrose-water extract contained 1680.51 mg/kg of total monomeric anthocyanins. The performances of NADESs tested were found to be higher than that of water and ethanol showing the high yield recovery of valuable phenolics with NADESs. The results exhibited the significance of the components inside the waste. The remaining valuable content could be easily and efficiently extracted using NADESs and these extracts –as a mixture or after purification- can furtherly be used for different purposes in different fields, such as cosmetics, antioxidant preparations, etc, using a zero-cost waste as the input of the processes.

Bu çalışmada, arazi şartlarında faydalı yük taşıyabilen ve güç kaynağı olarak kullanılabilen tekerlekli traktör önleyici bakım planlaması, Güvenilirlik Merkezli Bakım (RCM-Reliability Centered Maintenance) metodu ile yapılmıştır. Bu yöntem, traktörün kritik sistemleri için uygulanan, görevine engel olabilecek arızaların olasılıkları ile kritikliklerinin belirlenen şartlar altındaki göreve hazır olma ve görevini arızasız tamamlama (güvenilirlik) parametrelerine etkisi dikkate alarak optimumum bakımı hedefleyen bu metodun tarım işletmelerinin makina parklarındaki kritik sistemlerin görev sürekliliğinin sağlanabilmesinde önemli katkı sağlama potansiyeline sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Güvenilirlik Merkezli Bakım yönteminin traktör tasarımında kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca öncelikli ele alınması gereken kritik parçaların tespitleri yapılmış ve gerekli bakım işlemleri belirlenmiştir.

Healthy life in a sustainable environment is possible with accessible food production. The Covid-19 epidemic is a serious threat worldwide. This epidemic has revealed the importance of agricultural products. One of the most important areas of the epidemic affecting the whole world is exports; however, increased demand for agricultural products and exports in the epidemic process in Turkey. Turkey has a say in the trade of seedless dried grapes in the world. Seedless dried grape is on the healthy products list of the WHO. In 2019/2020, it had a share of 36% of world exports (with 246 thousand tons of export). This study was performed to evaluate their thoughts and farmers’ problems with the adoption of organic farming in Besni district of Adıyaman. The research conducted in-depth interviews with the farmers producing organic grapes. Also, a face-to-face survey was conducted with 50 farmers. According to the findings, the land width of the farmers is not much. It has an average growing area of 37.52 decares. An average yield of 1.808 kg da-1 is obtained from this area. Serious differences have been found between conventional and organic farming. Moreover, government supports, high product prices, income, health, sustainability, and environmental protection are reasons farmers switch to organic farming.  However, farmers argue that organic farming is less costly than conventional farming. Access to chemicals and marketing are major problems. As a result, farmers should be informed about organic farming. Additionally, it is thought that these studies will increase the productivity and product quality of the farmers. It is predicted that it will prevent rural to urban migration in the region.

Background: There are several clinical studies examining the health advantages of several single medicinal herbs utilized in traditional blood glucose-lowering treatments. But very few or no studies on herbal formulations were made as Polyherbal for the same goal. As a result, it is now necessary to confirm that patients with hyperglycemia can benefit from such Polyherbal medicines as Dolabi. Methods: This prospective open-label, herbal coded test drug-controlled, randomized trial was conducted at the Munshiganj and Dhaka area in Bangladesh. We enrolled 108 male and 104 female patients of 30-70 years with primary and moderate hyperglycemia. They were recruited from the OPD of an Unani & Ayurvedic hospital in Munshiganj and different Unani clinics in Dhaka, Bangladesh after fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Patients were randomly assigned to receive metformin hydrochloride 500 mg two times daily and 2 tablets of Dolabi two times daily by using a random numbers table with the help of an assistant. Blood samples, height, weight, blood pressure, and personal data were recorded—laboratory results were obtained at the study baseline, after 1.5 months and after 3 months of intervention. Results: In the case of the test drug, results showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level between the baseline and after 3 months, in males, it was from 9.83±1.17 to 7.72±1.06 mg/dL for fasting glucose, from 16.60±2.35 to 8.23±1.17 mg/dL for 2 hours PP glucose, from 9.33±1.17 to 7.45±2.03 percent for HbA1c and for Insulin it reduces from 183.10±27.59 to 168.10±29.59 pmol/ L. The control drug metformin hydrochloride also showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level between baseline and after 3 months, in the case of males it was from 9.99±2.52 to 6.97±1.76 mg/dL for fasting glucose, from 17.43±5.05 to 7.89±2.42 mg/dL for 2 hours PP glucose, from 10.43±2.36 to 6.87±1.18 percent for HbA1c and for Insulin it reduces from 198.75±30.61 to 183.75±30.61p mol/L. In the case of females the test drug showed a significant reduction in fasting glucose, 2 hours PP glucose, HbA1c and Insulin between the baseline and after 3 months, it was from 10.02±1.11 to 7.78±0.93 mg/dL, from 16.88±2.21 to 8.16±1.11 mg/dL, from 9.84±1.04 to 7.45±1.03 percent and from 199.47±30.90 to 173.47±30.90 mg/dL respectively. In the case of females, the control drug showed a significant reduction in fasting glucose, 2 hours PP glucose, HbA1c and Insulin between baseline and after 3 months, it was from 10.18±1.92 to 6.71±1.59 mg/dL, from 18.70±3.88 to 7.60±3.74 mg/dL, from 10.58±1.08 to 6.98±1.08 percent and from 200.00±31.83 to 188.00±31.83 mg/dL respectively. Conclusions: We can infer the following from the present study’s findings: The polyherbal formulation Dolabi is able to reduce the blood glucose level. It can be an effective drug for primary hyperglycemic patients.

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL; Hermetia illucens L.) is a proven high-cost protein source replacer and could be grown in a range of bio-degradable waste materials where hardly incorporated into broiler diets locally. The present study was aimed to assess the nutritional composition of BSFL, and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) value of BSFL meal provided to broiler chickens. BSFL full-fat meal produced from kitchen waste as a substrate were examined for their proximate composition, minerals and fatty acid profile. Eighty, 21-d old unsexed Cobb-500 broiler chickens (BW±SD: 665.8 ±14.3 g) were assigned randomly into 16 battery cages (04 replicates, five birds/replicate). A maize-soybean meal-based diet was used as the basal diet which was partially substituted by pre-analyzed BSFL meal at the rates of 5%, 10%, and 15% to produce three test diets. Birds were fed in a completely randomized design for 7-d with a 4-d adaptation period. Excreta were collected for three days from day 25 to 28. The results envisaged that the crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) contents of the kitchen waste were 12.3%, and 10.5%, respectively. BSFL meal when analyzed had 34.4% CP and 47.3%, EE. The fatty acid (FA) profile of the kitchen waste was more or less similar to that of BSFL‘s meal. The estimated AME of the BSFL full-fat meal fed for broilers was estimated to be 15.7 MJ/kg. The BSFL full-fat meal can be utilized sustainably in feed formulation and has a high potential to replace costlier feed ingredients.

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is known as the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which is a worldwide distributed disease and has also been detected in marketed beef and dairy products. BLV causes significant economic losses due to the loss of milk and yield or the slaughter of animals without adequate development. It has been reported in epidemiological studies that this infection is common in Türkiye, especially in the western provinces. There is no data on the possible presence or prevalence of BLV infection and its seroepidemiology in Muş province. The aim of this study is to determine the possible presence and prevalence of the infection, its role in yield losses, and to obtain epidemiological data on cattle farming in the Muş district. For this purpose, 300 blood serum samples were collected from cattle aged six months and older in the province of Muş and its different districts. The blood serum samples taken were tested for the presence of BLV-specific antibodies by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (C-ELISA) methods. As a result of the study, all of the controlled districts were evaluated as negative in the AGID and C-ELISA tests for the presence of BLV-specific antibodies. In conclusion, for the first time, it was demonstrated that cattle farming in the Muş province were BLV-free during the sampling period. Although BLV seropositivity was not detected in the tested animals, it is emphasized that the control of infection and eradication program should not be ignored.

Çalışmada, farklı yükseltiden temin edilen tohumlardan yetiştirilmiş 1+0, 2+0, 2+1 ve 2+2 yaşlarındaki doğu gürgeni (Carpinus orientalis Mill.) fidanlarının bazı morfolojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, morfolojik özelliklere bağlı olarak varyasyonların ortaya koyulması ve gürbüzlük indisi değerlerine göre kalite sınıflarının tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Materyal olarak doğu gürgeni türünün doğal yayılış alanı olan Trabzon-Maçka havzasında deniz seviyesinden 1200 m’ye kadar olan üç farklı yükselti basamağından (Maçka-1, Maçka-2, Maçka-3) toplanan tohumlardan yetiştirilmiş fidanlar kullanılmıştır. Farklı yaşlardaki fidanlarda kök boğaz çapı ve fidan boyu değerleri ölçülmüştür. Ayrıca fidanlara ait ölçülen morfolojik karakterler ile gürbüzlük indisi değeri hesaplanmış ve buna göre fidan kalite sınıflandırması yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda ortalama fidan boyları fidan yaşının artmasına bağlı olarak sırasıyla 20,11 cm, 36,85 cm, 55,31 cm ve 82,74 cm olarak elde edilmiştir. Fidanlara ait ortalama kök boğaz çağı değerleri ise fidan yaşının artmasına göre sırasıyla 2,98 mm, 6,26 mm, 8,68 mm ve 12,08 mm olarak belirlenmiştir. Yapılan varyans analizi sonucunda ölçülen parametreler bakımından populasyonlar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıkların olduğu tespit edilmiştir. 2+0 yaşlı fidanlar haricinde diğer yaştaki fidanlarda ölçülen morfolojik parametrelere ilişkin en yüksek varyasyon katsayıları genel olarak en yüksek rakımda yer alan Maçka-3 populasyonunda elde edilmiştir. Fidan yaşının artmasına paralel olarak kök boğaz çapı ve fidan boyu arasındaki korelasyon katsayısı değeri genel olarak azalmıştır. Gİ değerlerinin yükseltinin artmasına bağlı olarak genellikle azaldığı ve yüksek rakımlı populasyonların gürbüzlük indisine göre daha kaliteli fidanlara sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid contents in various tissues (fillet, liver, gonad) of different ploidy (triploid and diploid) and sex (female and male) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the breeding season. In the study, diploid and triploid rainbow trouts belonging to the same age group (3+) were used. Fish were fed with commercial feed containing 45% crude protein and 20% crude fat until satiation. At the end of the 75-day study, biometric measurements of the fish were made and the tissues were stored in a deep freezer until biochemical and fatty acid analysis. The first finding of this study identified that ploidy (triploid and diploid) affects the biochemical and fatty acid composition of rainbow trout. The second major finding was that the polyunsaturated fatty acid values were higher and the saturated fatty acid values were lower in all tissues (especially female gonads) than other fatty acids. The results also indicate that the comparative among the biochemical and fatty acid composition of the fillet, liver, and gonad of rainbow trout is further illuminated by these data.

Aronia melnocarpa, commonly known as chokeberry, originates from the eastern region of North America and belongs to the Rosaceae family within the Maloideae subfamily. The sour taste of fresh chokeberries makes them infrequently eaten as is, but they find extensive use in the food industry for creating fruit juices, fruit teas, wines, jams, jellies, and dietary supplements. Chokeberries represent a source of a wide range of bioactive compounds with potential health benefits for humans. Among the effects supporting human health are antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties, as well as protection for the heart, liver, and nervous system. The abundant presence of polyphenols, such as phenolic acids, flavonols, anthocyanins, flavanols, and proanthocyanidins, plays a crucial role in conferring the remarkable bioactivity of chokeberries. These compounds are responsible for many of the health benefits associated with the consumption of chokeberries. Chokeberry fruits and their derived products showcase notable antioxidant properties and have the potential to promote health by effectively reducing the formation of free radicals. In this review, a comprehensive analysis of scientific research has been conducted to explore the polyphenolic compounds found in chokeberries, as well as their antioxidant potential. The findings in this review are likely to have a significant impact on future research focused on developing functional food products based on chokeberries. Chokeberries possess the potential to serve as food constituents intentionally crafted to augment antioxidant capacity. However, similar to other natural plants and medicinal products, conducting extensive research is crucial to assess the antioxidant potential, safety, and mechanisms of action of chokeberries. Therefore, the aim is to make a positive contribution to the continuation of research on the positive effects of chokeberry on health.