Nanoemulsions, characterized by droplet sizes below 100 nm, are increasingly recognized for their applications in dairy technology. They are typically created using high-energy or low-energy methods and enable the encapsulation of functional food ingredients within droplets or at the interface, thereby increasing nutrient bioavailability and physical stability. The demand for nanoemulsions is increasing due to their applications in functional beverages and foods. In dairy-based products such as yogurt, cheese, and ice cream, nanoemulsions play multiple roles by stabilizing them and providing health benefits. They increase the physical stability of milk-based products, extend their shelf life, and improve sensory properties. Nanoemulsions also act as carriers for bioactive compounds, vitamins, and flavors, enriching the nutritional profile and consumer appeal of dairy products. Research on nanoemulsions is advancing due to their superior properties such as improved solubility, enhanced nutrient absorption, and controlled release capabilities. They are used in functional milk drinks, fortified milks, and milk-based supplements, contributing to the physical stability of products and offering health and nutritional benefits. Dairy products can be enriched with various functional ingredients by adding nanoemulsions. This review focuses on nanoemulsion formation and applications of nanoemulsion technology applied to dairy products within the scope of innovative approaches in the dairy industry and includes studies and results on this subject.

In this study, the specific physicochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of 20 different rosehip marmalade samples, produced using traditional and commercial methods in the Gümüşhane province and its districts, were comprehensively analyzed. To detect the chemical composition of the rosehip marmalade samples, analyses were conducted for total dry matter, pH, ash, titratable acidity (malic acid %), soluble solids, water activity, and color (L*, a*, b*). Additionally, alongside the physicochemical analyses, the contents of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, and total sugar) were also determined. To assess the antioxidant properties, analyses for total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, DPPH (% inhibition), and ABTS (% inhibition) were performed. Furthermore, the antibacterial activities of the rosehip marmalade samples against pathogenic bacterial strains such as Proteus vulgaris ATCC 29212, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 23566, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 35150 were investigated.

This study was conducted to evaluate university students’ chicken meat consumption preferences and their level of knowledge about chicken production. The survey was conducted with 61 structured online questionnaires using the Kobo-collect Tool Box. The questionnaires were administered online via student WhatsApp groups. Chicken breast meat was the most consumed with cubed meat being the most preferred. The expiration date was the main factor affecting chicken meat purchasing decisions, and the majority of the respondents did not have any preferred cooking method. Heavier meat (>1 kg) and fresh chicken meat were the most preferred with the highest chicken meat consumption of 1-3 times per week. Chicken meat consumption was highest at dinner and in the winter season with viral diseases being perceived as the most dangerous chicken diseases. The Coronavirus outbreak affected the chicken meat consumption of the majority of the respondents and most of them bought meat from reliable sale points. Most of the respondents could differentiate between slow and fast-growing broiler hybrids with Ross 308 being the most recognized commercial broiler hybrid by the respondents. It was concluded that chicken meat consumption was higher among the respondents however, agriculture students should be motivated to improve their knowledge about chicken production.

Viral diseases are among the most significant challenges in protecting plants of the Cucurbitaceae family, with viruses from the Potyvirus genus, such as zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), causing up to 100% yield losses under favorable conditions.  Despite the importance of these viruses, there have been no previous studies investigating potyvirus diseases in Cucurbitaceae production areas in Çanakkale province. Consequently, the status of these diseases in the region remains unknown. This study aims to address this gap by analyzing the presence of potyviruses in Cucurbitaceae production areas in Çanakkale. In the 2021 production year, a total of 137 samples exhibiting virus and virus-like symptoms were collected from various Cucurbitaceae production sites in Çanakkale province and its districts. The samples were tested using RT-PCR with primer pairs specific to WMV and ZYMV. From the infected samples, seven isolates were selected for further analysis, and the coat protein (CP) genes were amplified and sequenced. The results revealed that WMV was detected as a single infection in 78 samples, ZYMV in one sample, and mixed infections of ZYMV+WMV were found in 39 samples, indicating that WMV is notably prevalent in Çanakkale. Bioinformatics analyses demonstrated that the Turkish WMV and ZYMV isolates share more than 90% similarity with other isolates in both the local samples and the GenBank database. Phylogenetic analysis further revealed that Turkish WMV and ZYMV isolates are closely related to each other. This is the first study to reveal the presence and phylogenetic relationships of ZYMV and WMV in cucurbitaceous plants in Çanakkale province of Türkiye.

The faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a winter crop that can be cultivated as a versatile crop. It’s yield and quality being strongly influenced by environmental and agronomic factors, nutritional content, medicinal properties, and ability to fix nitrogen biologically. Therefore, to maximize advantages of faba bean cultivation, choosing the appropriate varieties, planting times, techniques, plant density, depth of sowing, and ensuring proper crop nutrients and irrigation is essential. For successful faba bean production in subtropical climates, it's important to assess the performance of different varieties under these specific conditions. Planting dates and soil temperature are crucial for germination, growth, and yield. At the same time, the crop's performance is also influenced by sowing methods, plant density, sowing depth, and water and fertilizer management. Integrating faba beans into cropping systems is expected to offer various ecological benefits. This paper reviews the existing literature on the agronomic practices of faba beans.

Weeds pose a significant challenge in maize fields in the Dang district, leading to a substantial 52% reduction in yield. Hence, this study was conducted in Satbariya village of Dang, Nepal, in 2023 to evaluate the impact of various weed management practices on weed dynamics, growth, and yield of spring maize. The experiment included seven treatments: a weedy check, weed-free plot, pre-emergence application of atrazine at 1.25 a.i. kg/ha (AtPrE), post-emergence application of atrazine at 1.25 a.i. kg/ha (AtPoE), manual weeding at 30 DAS, mini-tiller at 30 DAS, and LaPoE (tembotrione 42% SC + atrazine 50% WP) applied as post-emergence. The Subarna variety of maize was chosen for the study. Fifteen weed species from seven different families were identified in the experimental area. Specific morphological and phenological parameters, such as plant height and days to tasseling and silking, were not significantly influenced by the weed control methods. However, significantly lower weed density and biomass were observed in the weed-free plot and LaPoE. Similarly, weed-free plots and LaPoE exhibited significantly higher weed control efficiency (WCE) and weed control index at both 45 and 60 DAS, leading to a lower weed index (0.00–16.71%) and more effective weed control. Concerning the yield parameters, cob length, number of kernels per row, and 1000-grain weight were significantly higher in weed-free plots, followed by LaPOE, and the highest grain and biological yield were observed in weed-free plot (6.14–15.18 tons/ha) and LaPoE (5.12–13.32 tons/ha). Moreover, the benefit-cost ratio and net return were observed to be highest with LaPoE. This study suggests that LaPoE can be an effective and economical weed management strategy for increasing maize yield and profitability. Further research could explore the long-term effects of using LaPoE on weed control and crop productivity.

Farklı dozlarda uygulanan azotun dört arpa çeşidinde tane verimi ve bazı kalite özelliklerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Tokat’ta 2018-19 ve 2019-20 yetiştirme dönemlerinde Tesadüf Bloklarında Faktöriyel Deneme planına göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak yapılan bu araştırmada, dört farklı azot dozu (0, 3, 6, 9 ve 12 kg/da) ile Bolayır, Hasat, Hazar ve Ünver arpa çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada m2’deki başak sayısı, tane verimi, 1000 tane ağırlığı, hektolitre ağırlığı, ham protein oranı ve tane irilik oranları incelenmiştir. Ortalamaların karşılaştırılmasında LSD testi kullanılmıştır.İklim faktörleri çeşitlerin incelenen özelliklerini önemli derecede etkilemiştir. Araştırmada, ham protein oranı (İlk yıl önemsiz) metrekaredeki başak sayısı, tane verimi, 1000 tane ağırlığı, hektolitre ağırlığı ve tane irilik oranı açısından çeşitler arasında farklar önemli bulunmuştur. Uygulanan azot genelde belli bir doza kadar tane verimini artırmış, fakat malt kalite özelliklerini düşürmüştür. Verim ve maltlık özelliği bakımından Bolayır, yemlik özelliği bakımından Ünver çeşidinin bölge için diğer çeşitlere göre daha iyi durumda oldukları belirlenmiştir. Malt özelliği bakımından 3 kg N/da dozunun yeterli olduğu, bununla beraber, en yüksek tane verimine sahip Bolayır ve Ünver çeşitlerinin yemlik olarak yetiştirilmesi durumunda 6 kg N/da dozunun uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir.  Tane verimi ve maltlık özelliği bakımından Bolayır, yine verim ve yemlik özellik bakımından Ünver çeşidinin bölge için diğer çeşitlere göre daha uygun oldukları belirlenmiştir.

Bu çalışma, topraktan Fe-EDDHA, Fe-DTPA, Fe-HBED ve FeSO4 ile yapraktan Fe-DTPA, Fe-EDTA, FeSO4 ve Fe-Nano gübre uygulamalarının kivi bitkisinde demir (Fe) klorozunu önleme düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Topraktan ağaç başına 5 g Fe uygulanırken, yapraktan Fe-Nano 10 mg L-1, diğer gübreler ise 75 mg Fe L-1 dozlarında uygulanmıştır. Farklı dönemlerde (çiçeklenme, meyve tutumu ve vejetasyon ortası) yaprak örnekleri alınarak bitkilerin toplam ve aktif Fe, toplam klorofil ve bazı besin elementi içeriklerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, kivi yapraklarının toplam Fe içeriği çiçeklenme döneminden sonra azalmakla birlikte; aktif Fe ve klorofil içerikleri ile aktif Fe/toplam Fe oranının arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Yapraklar, Fe ve Mg hariç, tüm uygulamalarda genellikle yeterli düzeylerde besin elementi içeriklerine sahip olmuşlardır. Diğer taraftan, sırasıyla yapraktan Fe-EDTA, FeSO4 ve Fe-DTPA uygulamaları ile topraktan FeSO4, Fe-HBED ve Fe-EDDHA uygulamalarının kivide Fe klorozunu önlemede daha etkili oldukları belirlenmiştir.

A study using the assigned Complete Block Design with three replications was carried out at Hobigong, Bangladesh from January to August 2021 to investigate the impact of different combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and production of bitter gourd. The experiment employed five different combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers, which are listed below: T1: 4 kg of organic fertilizer per plant, T2: 4 kg of organic fertilizer + 2 liters of cow urine + 2 liters of bc (biochar), T3: 2 liters of liquid bc (biochar)) + NPK (44 g urea + 43 g TSP (Triple Super Phosphate) + 77 g MoP (Muriate of Potash), T4: NPK (44 g urea + 43 g TSP + 77 g MoP), and T5: 4 kg of organic fertilizer + 2 liters of bc+ NPK (44 g urea + 43 g TSP + 77 g MoP) on three distinct soils in the villages of Kalonjhora, Madhabpur, and Jointure. The growth and yield of bitter gourd at different study locations were significantly affected by the application of both organic and inorganic fertilizers, according to the results. The results showed that the use of both organic and inorganic fertilizers had a significant effect on the development and yield of bitter gourd at the different study sites. Maximum germination rate (90%), at 45 DAS (days after sowing), longest plant (173.28 cm) at 100 DAS, maximum number, longest and heaviest fruit (6.30 number of fruits per plant, 15.51 cm and 82.50 g, respectively) were obtained from crops grown in Jointer village that were applied with 4 kg organic fertilizer + 2 liters bc + NPK (44 g urea + 43 g TSP + 77 g MOP). According to the previously described research, most development and yield characteristics of bitter gourd are improved when grown in a mixture treated with 4 kg organic fertilizer + 2 liters bc + NPK (44 g urea) + 43 g of TSP + 77 g of MoP.

Wheat, one of the world's most important agricultural products, plays a vital role in meeting the nutritional needs of our growing global population. However, arid and semi-arid regions face a potential threat from boron (B) toxicity. While boron is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development, its excessive presence can be toxic. It disrupts physiological processes, causing chlorosis and necrosis, ultimately leading to yield loss or plant death. Although B deficiency is a problem in the soils of many countries, Türkiye is one of the few experiencing B toxicity problems in its agricultural areas. This study investigated the physiological and biochemical responses of durum wheat to various B concentrations (0-20 mg L-1) under controlled air-conditioned cabin conditions. Durum wheat exhibited a decrease in chlorophyll content, phenolic content, and antiradical capacity at B doses exceeding 10 mg L-1. However, carotene content increased steadily with increasing B concentrations. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), increased up to a B dose of 15 mg L-1. Catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities increased up to 10 mg L-1 B dose but decreased at higher B levels. Proline content increased tenfold up to a B dose of 10 mg L-1, indicating an attempt to mitigate stress. Conversely, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation increased continuously (approximately 150%) with increasing B doses, suggesting membrane damage. Despite being considered B-sensitive, this study demonstrated that durum wheat can effectively cope with B stress up to a B dose of 10 mg L-1 under controlled conditions. Beyond this threshold, physiological and biochemical changes indicate a decline in stress tolerance. Many osmoregulators, carotenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, tocopherols, phenolic compounds, non-protein amino acids, and several unidentified metabolites are activated to support antioxidant defense. The SOS pathway and the released ROS force gene regulatory systems come into play. Following these, the ROS released in the organism are neutralized, and ionic homeostasis and cellular stress resistance are achieved.