Peptides with antimicrobial properties as an alternative to antibiotics antibiotic growth promoters in poultry nutrition have been studied in recent years. These peptides, which can be supplemented to diet or water, are effective not only against bacteria but also against fungi, viruses and parasites. In this article, the definition, the structures, the types, the sources of production, the application areas, the microorganisms they act on and the mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptides and information about the studies related to their use in poultry nutrition will be given.

In this study, performance characteristics such as power take off (PTO) power consumption, fuel consumption, fuel consumption for the unit field-unit product were determined at different working speeds with two different PTO applications (540 and 540E) in a single row disc type silage machine. In particular, the 540E PTO application greatly reduces fuel consumption for unit work. The best results in terms of hourly fuel consumption were achieved in 540E PTO application and V1 working speed. When the field - product fuel consumption is evaluated, the best results were obtained with the 540E PTO application at the V3 working speed. When an evaluation is made considering all the parameters, it is concluded that the 540E PTO application will provide certain advantages in terms of fuel consumption compared to the 540 PTO application for the silage machine operating by taking the motion from PTO. 540E PTO application can be used as an important alternative to 540 PTO application for machines of similar capacity and features.

Kaz yetiştiriciliğinde verimli ve karlı bir üretimin yapılabilmesi ancak sağlıklı sürülerin olması ile mümkündür. Her ne kadar kanatlı hayvanlar içerisinde hastalıklardan en az etkilenen tür kazlar olmasına rağmen, kazlarda ciddi kayıplara neden olan birçok bakteriyel, viral, paraziter ve mantar hastalıkları bulunmaktadır. Diğer kanatlılarda olduğu gibi kaz yetiştiriciliğinde de hastalığın tedavisi, korunmadan daha pahalıdır. Bu nedenle hastalıkların çıkmasını ve yayılmasını en aza indirmek, hastalıkların tedavisinde tasarruf sağlamak, sürü sağlığını iyileştirip-geliştirmek, hayvan ölümlerini en aza indirmek ve işletme karlılığını artırmak için biyogüvenlik prosedürlerinin uygulanması gerekmektedir. Bu biyogüvenlik prosedürleri ise rutin ve yüksek riskli olmak üzere iki şekilde yapılabilir. Rutin biyogüvenlik prosedürleri hastalık etkenlerinin işletmeye girişinin engel olunması, etkili hijyen ve sanitasyon programının uygulanması, yeterli bağışıklığın oluşturulması için etkili aşı programlarının olması, kalifiye personel ile çalışılması, sürü yönetim programının düzgün olması ile denetim ve kontrolün iyi bir şekilde yapılması ile mümkündür. Yüksek riskli biyogüvenlik prosedürleri ise şüpheli ve salgın bir hayvan hastalığı durumunda planlı ve programlı bir şekilde yapılması gereken uygulamalardır. Sonuç olarak kaz yetiştiriciliğinde biyogüvenlik prosedürleri etkili ve disiplinli bir şekilde yerine getirilirse, sağlıklı sürüler ve daha fazla kârlılık elde edileceği unutulmamalıdır.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the ways of supplying breeding animals for sheep enterprises in Ordu. In the research, enterprises with a minimum size of 80 heads have been taken into consideration. Random selection method was used in determining the enterprises and face-to-face surveys were conducted in 86 enterprises. 37.21% of the enterprise owners met their breeding coach needs from their own enterprises, while 33.72% met from their own enterprise + neighboring enterprises. Moreover, it was determined that 52.33% of the enterprise owners met their breeding female animal needs from their own enterprise, whereas 22.08% and 12.79% met from their own enterprise + neighboring enterprise and from their own enterprise + state enterprise, respectively. According to the results, 58.14% of breeders (50 enterprises) keep breeding female animals for more than 5 years in the herd and 41.86% of breeders (36 enterprises) keep them between 3-5 years. Breeding male animals are kept in the herd for more than 5 years in 47.67% of enterprises (41 enterprises) and for 3-5 years in 41.86% of enterprises (36 enterprises). In only 10.47% of enterprises, breeding male animals are used in the herd as breeding for less than 3 years.

Nitrogen losses in agricultural areas cause environmental pollution. At the same time, it reduces the yield in crop production. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of zeolite and nitrogen applications on the development of maize plant. Another aim is to reveal nitrate changes in soil. Everest maize variety was used in the study. Zeolite doses of 0, 125, 250 and 500 kg/da were applied to the soil. Nitrogen doses were applied to the soil at 5, 10, 15 and 20 kg/da. In this study, zeolite and nitrogen applications increased the plant height, cob weight and green forage yield of maize plant statistically. The highest green weed yield was 6563 kg/da in Z3N3 application and the lowest green forage yield was 4021 kg/da in Z0N0 application. Increased nitrogen doses increased the amount of nitrate in soil by significantly 1% and zeolite applications increased by significantly 5%. The results of this study would be beneficial in the application of zeolite to the soil in order to reduce nitrogen losses and to make the plant benefit more from nitrogen.

Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation coefficient analysis, path coefficient analysis and genetic divergence between yield and its contributing traits were estimated using fifteen (15) different chilli genotypes in northern region of Bangladesh. The aim of this study is to screen out suitable parents for next hybridization program. The phenotypic coefficient of variations was found slightly higher than the genotypic coefficient of variations for all characters studied, indicating that the apparent variation is not only genetic but also influenced by the growing environment in the expression of the traits. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed in length of fruit (27.27% and 27.81%). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance in percent of mean in fruit yield per plant (71.23 and 39.38), number of fruits per plant (71.26 and 31.18), weight of individual fruit (88.52 and 43.80), length of fruit (96.13 and 70.59) and diameter of fruit (79.58 and 35.79) suggested that these characters would be considered for varietal selection. The correlation studies revealed that fruit yield per plant showed significant positive correlation with plant height (0.369), number of fruits per plant (0.587), weight of individual fruit (0.634) and length of fruit (0.450) which can be considered for selection of a good variety. Path analysis revealed weight of individual fruit (0.293), plant height (0.205), number of branches per plant (0.186), length of fruit (0.164), number of fruits per plant (0.132) and diameter of fruit (0.078) had direct positive effect on yield per plant, indicating these traits are the main contributors to fruit yield per plant. The divergence value for cluster analysis showed the highest inter-cluster distance between clusters II and IV which indicates that these genotypes may provide high heterosis in hybridization and expected to show wide variability in genetic architecture.

Plants are important antioxidant sources. In our study, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) of endemic Helleborus vesicarius Aucher ex Boiss.were determined. The aerial parts of the plant samples were dried and extracted with ethanol (EtOH). TAS and TOS values of plant extract were determined using Rel Assay Diagnostics kits. As a result of the studies, the TAS value of H. vesicarius was determined 5.548±0.23, the TOS value was 13.778±0.119 and the OSI value was 0.249±0.009. In this context, the plant has been shown to have significant antioxidant potential.

Milking is a source of change in milk yield and milk quality determination, and one of the main events of milking is the oxytocin-mediated ejection reflex. Complete ejection of milk from the udder is due to the presence of high oxytocin during milking. The aim of this study is to investigate whether oxytocin administered intramuscularly has an effect on increasing milk ejection. In the study, 28 clinically healthy lactation Holstein cows were used, the lactation numbers and lactation periods of these cows were ignored in the evaluation. The study groups are divided into four groups, each consisting of seven cows. 50 IU oxytocin was given to group-1 five days before milking in the morning and evening, group-2 received 50 IU oxytocin once a day just before milking and the group-3 was given 50 IU oxytocin once before morning milking on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th days and the group-4 is a control group, oxytocin was not given to this group. Oxytocin injection was administered intramuscularly 30 minutes before milking. In the evaluation, the last five days of milk data before the application, five days of milk data during the application period and five days of milk data after the application period were taken into consideration. As a result of the study, we can say that the udder was not completely emptied with the intramuscular administration of oxytocin.

In this study, a morphometric investigation was carried out on the Akbash Turkish shepherd dog breed using 30 exterior parameters. The study consisted of 96 dogs (54 males and 42 females) ranging in age from 2 to 9 years. All dogs were bred in the West Anatolia region of Turkey, around the city of Eskisehir. The following exterior parameters were measured and their means were obtained: height at withers (65.22±3.99 cm), height at mid-back (62.24±4.24 cm), height at rump (64.97±4.16 cm), height at base of tail (58.2±5.01 cm), height to elbow (36.07±4.06 cm), height to knee (35.83±4.96 cm), height to hock (17.08±3.21 cm), height to tip of sternum (45.12±4.30 cm), body length (70.58±5.58 cm), chest depth (29.58±3.23 cm), chest width (21.02±3.18 cm), breast width (16.86±3.41 cm), chest circumference (77.86±7.05 cm), pastern circumference (13.27±1.67 cm), rump length (19.21±3.27 cm), pelvic width (8.65±2.18 cm), rump protuberance width (7.58±3.02 cm), head length (27.20±2.85 cm), skull length (16.58±1.92 cm), muzzle length (10.30±2.35 cm), skull width (14.06±1.96 cm), muzzle width (7.60±1.26 cm). According to the obtained morphological characteristics the dog has a rectangular body format, and the rump is somewhat higher than the height at the withers. According to its craniological characteristics it belongs to the group of mesaticephalic dogs. The width of the skull is smaller than its length. Angles of the hind legs are more open than angles of the front legs.

This study includes some deep underground well waters opened to supply the irrigation water in Tekirdağ province. The sampling was done from 22 wells in the irrigation season period. The parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, Na, Ca, Mg, K, Cl, HCO3, B, NO3-N, Sodium Absorption Ratio and Residual Sodium Carbonate parameters, which were significant in terms of irrigation water classification, were examined in the samplings. According to the results, it was determined that thirteen well waters were in medium salty and eight well waters were in high salty water classes. Besides, Na and HCO3 harms were determined in five and three well waters, respectively. In seven well waters, it was concluded that RCE values were over 2,5 me L-1 and these water were not suitable in the usage of irrigation. As a result of the evaluations in terms of the specific ions, it was determined that CL, B and NO3-N concentrations which were found in three, two and one wells respectively, could create damages in some crops. As a result of the evaluations in terms of salinity and SAR parameters, it was concluded that the usage of T5, T6, T8, T10, T13 and T14 well waters was undesirable and the usage of T9, T11, T12, T16, T17 and T21 well waters can be suggested by the provision of some special conditions (appropriate drainage conditions, appropriate plant selection, coarse textured soils).