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Kanola Üretiminde Maliyet Faktörlerindeki Değişimin Analizi: Çanakkale İli Örneği Полный текст
2020
Arif Semerci | Ahmet Duran çelik
2018 yılı verilerine göre Çanakkale ili Türkiye kanola üretiminde %7,5’lik pay ile 5. sırada yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, araştırma alanı olarak belirlenen Çanakkale ilinde, 2018 yılında kanola üreten ve Tam Sayım Yöntemine göre tespit edilen 83 işletmeden elde edilen veriler yardımıyla, kanola üretiminde kullanılan girdilerin miktar ve parasal değer bakımından işletme büyüklük grupları arasında farklılık olup olmadığının tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Elde edilen analiz sonuçlarına göre; birim alana kullanılan girdilerin bedelleri arasında sadece ilaç girdisinin işletme büyüklük gruplarına göre %5 düzeyinde, birim alana kullanılan girdi miktarı dikkate alındığında sadece makine işgücü isteği değerinin işletme büyüklük grupları arasında %5 düzeyinde istatistiki yönden farklılık gösterdiği anlaşılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları incelenen işletmelerde girdi kullanımı açısından, işletme grupları arasında istatistiki yönden önemli bir fark bulunmadığını, bu durumun da kanola üretim teknolojisindeki benzerlik yanında büyük işletmelerin ölçek ekonomisinin pozitif yönlerinden faydalanamadığını göstermektedir. Bu nedenle orta ve uzun vadede genelde tarımsal üretimde özelde ise kanola üretiminde işletmelerin üretim düzeyleri dikkate alınarak farklı araçlarla ve değişik yöntemlerle desteklenmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Antifreeze Proteins: An Inovative Agent for the Prevention of Foods Полный текст
2020
İlhan Gün | Aslı Albayrak | Asuman Gürsel
Antifreeze proteins are those proteins that have ability to protect the organism against environmental conditions at temperatures below zero, and to resize the shape and size of ice crystals. Due to these properties, they prevent food from sensory, structural and mechanical damages during the storage in cold and they extend the product shelf life. In this review, the types and structure of antifreeze proteins, their mechanism of action and the possibilities of use in food are presented.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Extraction of Pectin from Pomegranate Peel Полный текст
2020
Ferda Sarı | Tuğçe Birlik
In this study, pectin was extracted by acid extraction method from pomegranate peel. The temperature, time and particle size which affected pectin yield were optimized using response surface method. As a result of optimization, optimum conditions for pectin extraction from pomegranate peel were determined as 468-568 µm for particle size, 82°C for temperature and 47,5 minutes for extraction time. After the extraction at optimum conditions pectin yield was found to be 25,96%. In addition, pectin that was produced had equivalent weight of 488,01 mg, methoxyl content of 5,74%, the degree of esterification of 47,43%and anhydrogalacturonic acid content of 68,64%. The results showed that the obtained pectin was low methoxyl pectin.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Evaluation of Protein Profiles, Bioactivity, Allergenicity and Toxicity of Peptides Generated After in silico Digestion of Common Wheat and Einkorn Wheat Полный текст
2020
Pelin Sultan Perçin | Sibel Karakaya
The belief that ancient wheat is more beneficial than common wheat has been growing trend in recent years among the consumers. The present study aims to compare bioactive peptide, allergen peptide and toxic peptide generation after gastrointestinal digestion of modern wheat (Triticum aestivum) and ancient wheat, einkorn (Triticum monococcum var. monococcum), using in silico tools. The primary sequences of both kinds of wheat were obtained from BIOPEP-UWM and UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot database. In silico digestion was applied using BIOPEP-UWM online tool. For the simulation of gastrointestinal digestion pepsin (pH 1.3) (EC 3.4.23.1), trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4), and chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) were selected and analyzed. Homology analysis was performed for each protein sequences using EMBOSS Needle program. Toxic and allergen peptides were predicted using ToxinPred online tool and Allergen FP v.1.0. The results showed that einkorn and common wheat proteins exhibited similar properties including high similarity rate (58.72-87.40%) indicating the percentage of matches between the two sequences and the identical bioactivities for peptides generated after digestion. Most of the bioactive peptides were dipeptides and the majority of them displayed more than one bioactivities including ACE inhibitory, DPP IV inhibitory or antioxidant activity, etc. Allergen peptides generated after in silico digestion were found to be similar for both kinds of wheat. In silico gastric digestion of einkorn and wheat caused toxic peptides production, but they were disappeared after in silico intestinal digestion. In conclusion, although there is a perception related to the Einkorn that is healthier than common wheat, in silico digestion of common wheat and einkorn did not support this perception.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]A Laboratory Evaluation for the Potential of Entomopathogenic Fungi against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Полный текст
2020
Muhammad Akmal | Shoaib Freed | Muhammad Bilal | Muhammad Naeem Malik
A Laboratory Evaluation for the Potential of Entomopathogenic Fungi against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Полный текст
2020
Muhammad Akmal | Shoaib Freed | Muhammad Bilal | Muhammad Naeem Malik
The red flour beetle is a very important primary insect pest of wheat worldwide. The experiments were performed to check the virulence of Beauveria bassiana and Isaria fumosorosea by insect dipping method on the adults and 2nd instar of Tribolium castaneum. Conidia were taken from 15 days old fungi and subsequently four concentrations i.e., 2×108, 3×108, 4×108 and 5×108 spores/ml of both fungi were prepared in 0.05% Tween 80 solution. Minimum 12.5% and maximum 32.5% mortality of adult insects was recorded on 7th day after the treatment at 2×108 and 5×108 spores/ml concentrations of B. bassiana, respectively while on larval stages, minimum 2.5% on 5th day and maximum 80.0% mortality was observed on 7th day post treatment of B. bassiana, respectively. On the other side, minimum 7.5 and maximum 22.5 mortality percentage was noted on 7th day post application of I. fumosorosea, respectively while on immatures minimum 5% on 6th day and highest 70% mortality was noted on 7th day post infection with 2×108 and 5×108 spores/ml of I. fumosorosea, correspondingly. This study showed the effectiveness of insect pathogenic fungi against the important stored grain insect pest and proved to be a positive management strategy.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Metodología para la selección de líneas de fríjol Phaseolus vulgaris L. por estrés de temperatura a nivel microgametofítico Полный текст
1990
Vásquez, L.M. | Montes Rojas, C | White, Jeffrey W. | Roca, W.
Los trabajos realizados en varias especies de plantas revelan que una porción significativa de los genes que se expresan en el esporofito también lo hacen en el grano de polen, en consecuencia la presión de selección a nivel de polen debe conducir a modificaciones en caracteres cualitativos o cuantitativos de las progenies derivadas. Para comprobar esta hipótesis en fríjol se estudió el efecto de estrés por temperaturas altas sobre granos de polen, en tres variedades de Phaseolus vulgaris L. y sus generaciones F1 y F2 mediante las técnicas de germinación "in vitro" y polinización controlada con polen estresado. El porcentaje de germinación " in vitro" estuvo inversamente relacionada con el nivel de estrés por temperaturas altas y el tiempo de exposición al estrés. 50°C resultó ser la temperatura a la cual el polen que se había sometido a estrés durante sesenta minutos presentó disminución considerable en su germinación. No se detectó avance para tolerancia a altas temperaturas a nivel de microgametofito cuando se evaluó germinabilidad de polen entre progenies. Un avance en la selección a nivel de microgametofito se puede lograr trabajando con mayores cantidades de polen lo que dará la oportunidad de seleccionar por vigor, además es importante explorar el origen de la variabilidad en la germinación de polen dentro de un material en la fase de floración.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Metodología para la selección de líneas de fríjol Phaseolus vulgaris L. por estrés de temperatura a nivel microgametofítico Полный текст
2014
jeffrey w. white | william m. roca | c montes rojas | l.m. vásquez
Los trabajos realizados en varias especies de plantas revelan que una porción significativa de los genes que se expresan en el esporofito también lo hacen en el grano de polen, en consecuencia la presión de selección a nivel de polen debe conducir a modificaciones en caracteres cualitativos o cuantitativos de las progenies derivadas. Para comprobar esta hipótesis en fríjol se estudió el efecto de estrés por temperaturas altas sobre granos de polen, en tres variedades de Phaseolus vulgaris L. y sus generaciones F1 y F2 mediante las técnicas de germinación "in vitro" y polinización controlada con polen estresado. El porcentaje de germinación " in vitro" estuvo inversamente relacionada con el nivel de estrés por temperaturas altas y el tiempo de exposición al estrés. 50°C resultó ser la temperatura a la cual el polen que se había sometido a estrés durante sesenta minutos presentó disminución considerable en su germinación. No se detectó avance para tolerancia a altas temperaturas a nivel de microgametofito cuando se evaluó germinabilidad de polen entre progenies. Un avance en la selección a nivel de microgametofito se puede lograr trabajando con mayores cantidades de polen lo que dará la oportunidad de seleccionar por vigor, además es importante explorar el origen de la variabilidad en la germinación de polen dentro de un material en la fase de floración | L.M. Vásquez, C Montes Rojas, Jeffrey W. White, William M. Roca, 'Metodología para la selección de líneas de fríjol Phaseolus vulgaris L. por estrés de temperatura a nivel microgametofítico', Acta Agronómica, 2014
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Metodología para la selección de líneas de fríjol Phaseolus vulgaris L. por estrés de temperatura a nivel microgametofítico Полный текст
1990
Vásquez, Luz Marina | Montes Rojas, Consuelo | White, Jeffrey W. | Roca, William M.
Studies of various plant species have shown that a significant portion of the genes that are expressed in the sporophyte are also expressed in the microgametophyte (pollen grain). Consequently, selection pressure applied to pollen may aid in the modification of qualitative or quantitative characters of the derived progeny. To verify this hypothesis in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), a study of the effect of high temperature stress on pollen grain in three cultivars in F1 and F2 generations was conducted by means of "in vitro" germination techniques and controlled pollinization with stressed pollen. In vitro germination was inversely related with the level and duration of high temperature stress. As 50°C the stressed pollen showed considerable decrease in germination. Evaluation of germination of pollen between progenies showed no increase in tolerance to high temperature of microgametophytes. Greater progress in selection of microgametophytes be obtained using larger quantities of pollens, which would provide greater opportunity to select for vigor. The origen of the variability in the germination of pollen in cultivars in the flowering period should also be examined. | Los trabajos realizados en varias especies de plantas revelan que una porción significativa de los genes que se expresan en el esporofito también lo hacen en el grano de polen, en consecuencia la presión de selección a nivel de polen debe conducir a modificaciones en caracteres cualitativos o cuantitativos de las progenies derivadas. Para comprobar esta hipótesis en fríjol se estudió el efecto de estrés por temperaturas altas sobre granos de polen, en tres variedades de Phaseolus vulgaris L. y sus generaciones F1 y F2 mediante las técnicas de germinación "in vitro" y polinización controlada con polen estresado. El porcentaje de germinación " in vitro" estuvo inversamente relacionada con el nivel de estrés por temperaturas altas y el tiempo de exposición al estrés. 50°C resultó ser la temperatura a la cual el polen que se había sometido a estrés durante sesenta minutos presentó disminución considerable en su germinación. No se detectó avance para tolerancia a altas temperaturas a nivel de microgametofito cuando se evaluó germinabilidad de polen entre progenies. Un avance en la selección a nivel de microgametofito se puede lograr trabajando con mayores cantidades de polen lo que dará la oportunidad de seleccionar por vigor, además es importante explorar el origen de la variabilidad en la germinación de polen dentro de un material en la fase de floración.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Hayvancılık İşletmelerinde Yemleme Robotu Operasyonu ve İşgücü Analizi Полный текст
2020
Dursun Yenal Erzurumlu | Burak Şen
Hayvancılık İşletmelerinde Yemleme Robotu Operasyonu ve İşgücü Analizi Полный текст
2020
Dursun Yenal Erzurumlu | Burak Şen
Günümüz koşullarında, hayvancılık işletmelerinin ve işletmecilerin karşılaştığı en büyük sorunlardan biri, işletme kapasitesini büyütmek için nitelikli ve güvenilir iş gücü temini ve bunun getirdiği maliyet sorunlarıdır. Buna paralel olarak yem hazırlama ve dağıtımı ile ilgili iş gücü, zaman ve maliyet sorunları da işletmeler için önem taşımaktadır. Hayvancılıkta yemleme işlemi günlük çalışmalar içerisinde önemli bir yer tutar. Kullanılan yem, bunun sevki ve idaresi hayvan sağlığını ve işletme verimini etkileyen en önemli faktörlerdendir. Bu çalışmada, durumun önemi göz önüne alındığında, yem hazırlama ve yem dağıtım ile ilgili iş gücü, zaman ve sürü yönetimi sorunları için çözüm olabilecek ve ülkemizde kullanımı yaygın olmayan ve henüz tanınmayan yemleme robotu hakkında operasyon bilgileri verilmiş, sürü yönetimi üzerine etkileri belirlenmiş ve geleneksel yem hazırlama ve dağıtma sistemleri ile karşılaştırılması sonucunda iş gücü ve zaman analizleri yapılmıştır. Özellikle yüksek kapasiteli işletmelerde, yemleme robotu aracılığıyla sağlanan otomasyonun klasik sistemler ile karşılaştırıldığında iş gücünden %75 oranında, zaman girdisi konusunda ise 13,75 kat tasarruf olanağı çıkan sonuçların en önemlilerindendir. Bunun yanı sıra modern işletmelerde kullanılan süt sağım robotu gibi diğer otomasyon içeren işler için de bir destek unsuru ve sürü yönetimi olarak bütünleyici bir etkisi olduğu çıkan diğer bir önemli sonuçtur.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Detección de Eurhizococcus colombianus (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) en mora por espectroscopía del infrarrojo cercano Полный текст
2015
Meneses, Elizabeth(Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín) | Arango, Gloria(Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín) | Correa, Guillermo(Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín) | Ruíz, Orlando(Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín) | Vargas, Luis Gonzalo(Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín) | Pérez, Juan Carlos(Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín)
A key aspect in the study of underground pests is the selection of appropriate methods for sampling and analysis. Knowledge of the population parameters of such insects depends on the use of sensitive enough tools for its detection in a complex environment as the one of the soil and the roots. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy have been suggested as a suitable, non-destructive sampling tool, which takes advantage of specific optical signatures in different groups of plants and organisms. The aim of this study was to assess the use of NIR spectroscopy in leaves and rhizosphere soil samples as an analytical technique to define the presence of the underground insect Eurhizococcus colombianus in blackberry crops, in the Eastern of Antioquia. The information obtained in seven farms distributed in five municipalities indicates that it is possible to classify plants with presence or absence of the insect through the spectral patterns of leaves and rhizosphere soil within each farm. However, it was not possible to establish a general model involving the data gathered from all farms. These results allow us to glimpse a promising non-destructive tool to understand the conditions accounting for the presence of the insect in the crop. It also would help to build management strategies of such insects based on ecological knowledge, which in turn will help farmers to make sound and timely pest control decisions | La selección de métodos apropiados para muestreo y análisis es un aspecto importante en el estudio de plagas subterráneas. El conocimiento de su biología, depende del uso de herramientas sensibles para su detección en el ambiente complejo del suelo y las raíces. Recientemente se ha propuesto el uso de espectroscopia infrarroja cercana (conocida como NIR, por su sigla en inglés) para el diagnóstico fitosanitario no destructivo en cultivos, aprovechando la manifestación de propiedades ópticas únicas para cada grupo de plantas y organismos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el uso de espectroscopía NIR en muestras de hojas y suelo rizosférico, para detectar la presencia del insecto subterráneo Eurhizococcus colombianus en cultivos de mora (Rubus glaucus Benth.), en la región del Oriente antioqueño. La información obtenida en siete fincas distribuidas en cinco municipios indica que a través de los patrones espectrales de las hojas y el suelo rizosférico es posible clasificar las plantas con presencia o ausencia del insecto dentro de cada finca. Sin embargo, no fue posible establecer un modelo general para todas las fincas. Los resultados obtenidos permiten vislumbrar una herramienta no destructiva muy promisoria para detectar el insecto y entender las condiciones asociadas con su presencia en el cultivo, lo que favorecería el diseño de estrategias de manejo de este tipo de plaga, con base en el conocimiento de su ecología, ayudando así a la toma de decisiones ambientalmente amigables, razonables y oportunas por parte de los agricultores
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Comparison of Egg Quality Traits of Atak-S Hens Kept in Different Rearing Systems Полный текст
2020
Dilek Şentürk Demirel | Ramazan Demirel
This study was conducted to compare the internal and external quality characteristics of the eggs of Atak-S laying hybrids kept in enriched cage and free-range rearing systems. In the study; 400 Atak-S hybrids, 31 weeks of age were fed for 6 weeks of experimental period. Throughout the experiment, with weekly intervals, 15 eggs of each group were collected from the laying hens kept in both systems for determination of the quality of the exterior (egg shape index and egg shell thickness) and interior (albumen and yolk width, height, yolk height and yolk colour). At the end of the experiment, there were statistically significant differences between groups for Haugh unit (wk. 2), albumen index (wk. 6), egg shell rate (wk. 1, 2, 3), egg shell thickness (wk. 6), yolk colour for L (wk. 3) and for a (wk. 1, 3). However, there were no significant differences between groups for other weeks and mean values, egg weight, shape index and yolk index.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]A Calibration Study for Sensor-Based In-Season Nitrogen Management of Irrigated Winter Wheat Полный текст
2020
Erdinc Savaşlı | Oğuz Önder | Ramis Dayıoğlu | Didem Özen | Suat Özdemir | Yaşar Karaduman | Özgür Ateş | Melih Özsayın
This study was conducted at Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute in Eskisehir, in 2017-2019 growing seasons. In the study, responses of four winter wheat cultivars (Atay85, Hat 31, Yunus and Nacibey) to nitrogen fertilization under irrigation conditions were compared with vegetation indices based on spectral reflection and In- Season Estimates of Yield calculated from these indices. GreenSeekerTM (NTech Industries, Inc., Ukiah,CA) hand-held sensor was used for this purpose. The experimental layout were used 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 kg N/da nitrogen rates 2 factor factorial in randomized complete block design in the experiment. Vegetation indices (NDVI) were obtained at growth stages Zadoks2,4, Zadoks3,0, Zadoks3,1 and Zadoks3,2. Zadoks3,0 (stem elongation) was found to be the most realistic reading time. A comparison of the system with traditional farmer applications, based on the average of 3 experiment fields, the new system was shown to give similar yields with 2,8 kg/da less N in the spring (ZD3,0), showing its economically promising value. The sensor application is determined to be 2% more economically effective than farmer application. Economic nitrogen dose respectively Atay85, Hat 31, Yunus and Nacibey was determined as the nitrogen dose 12,6 kgN/da, 14,1 kgN/ da, 14,4 kg N/da and 17,9 kgN/da.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Trace Elements Concentrations and Human Health Risk Evaluation for Four Common Fish Species in Sinop Coasts (Black Sea) Полный текст
2020
Ayşe Gündoğdu | Saniye Türk Çulha | Fatma Koçbaş
In the study, Trachurus trachurus, Engraulis encrasicolus, Merlangius merlangius euxinus, and Mullus barbatus from along the coast of Sinop were analysed for the content of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and aluminium (Al) in the muscle. Zn, Pb and Cd concentrations were determined to be lightly higher than the acceptable rates in fish samples. The provisional tolerable daily and weekly intake of trace metals in our work were all under than the limits set by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization, while for Cd, only M. barbatus was higher than FAO limits. E. encrasicolus and M. barbatus had the highest values for the collected total target danger section, but they did not posture a potential hazard within the diet of local residents. For carcinogenic and non carcinogenic risk assessment, the results were lower than the admissible rate of EPA. In the four fish species in the work, the Target cancer risk values of Ni were greater than 10-4, whereas the Target cancer risk values of Pb were smaller than 10-6. According to these results, it is thought that the Ni concentration in fish does pose a carcinogenic risk due to long-term and continuous consumption.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Chicken Reproductive Performance in Ethiopia: Review Полный текст
2020
Sisay Fikru Mersha | Ewonetu Kebede Senbeta
To improve the reproductive performance; several scholars conducted research in different parts of Ethiopia on indigenous, crosses and exotic chickens. However, there were inconsistencies among the various studies. This review was, therefore, conducted to assess the reproductive characteristics of indigenous, exotic and their crosses. Under scavenging system, the indigenous chickens are characterized by less clutch size (2.7-4.2 per year), good hatchability rate (59.6-93.2%), higher mortality rates (25.3-61.15), and reach sexual maturity at advanced age (19.6-26.8 weeks for male; 19.7-34.05 weeks for female). The age at first mating and laying recorded for exotic and their crossbreeds were nearly similar to those of indigenous chickens. The hatchability rate of crossbreed chickens are varying from 54.7-78.7% and it is by far lower for exotic breeds. The exotic (18.83-53%) and crossbreed (9-40%) chickens are relatively better in survival rate than local chickens. Overall, the local chickens are better for their hatchability and have reproduction performance than exotic and crossbreed chickens. From this review, it is concluded that there is variation in chicken reproductive performance of the same breed in different parts of the country.
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