This study investigated the prevalence and concentration of antibiotic residues in twenty brands of milk. Determination and quantification of antibiotic residues was done using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Aerobic plate count was carried out and the associated bacteria isolated. Identification of bacteria was done using standard microbiological methods. Molecular characterization and identification of bacterial isolates was done using 16S rRNA gene sequencing method. Antibiotic sensitivity was carried out on bacterial isolates using disc diffusion method. Plasmid profile of drug resistant isolates was done using alkaline analysis method. Comparison of means was done using Analysis of Variance. Antibiotic residues were detected in 10 (50%) of the 20 milk brands analyzed. The residual levels of tetracycline, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline ranged between 5ng/kg and 1569ng/kg while none of the samples had doxycycline residues. The prevalence of tetracycline residues in evaporated milk brands and powdered milk samples were 100 and 23 % respectively. The aerobic plate counts ranged from 2.5 × 102 to 6.5 × 102 CFU∕mL for evaporated milk and 2.5 × 101 to 6.0 × 101 CFU∕mL for powdered milk. A total of ten bacterial species were isolated and identified. Susceptibility result showed that 95% of the isolates were sensitive to erythromycin, cefuroxime and gentamycin; 12.5% were resistant to tetracycline and ampicillin, 10% were resistant to ofloxacin and 7.5% to doxycycline and penicillin. Five of the bacterial isolates were resistant to more than one class of antibiotics. Resistant isolates subjected to plasmid profiling had detectable plasmids with estimated sizes between 120bp and 1000bp. The obtained results provide evidence that the presence of antibiotic residues in evaporated and powdered milk is an indication that the public is exposed to the harmful effects of the residues.

The aim of this research was to determine the most suitable extraction method for the available iron contents of calcareous soils in Trakya Region, Turkey. For this purpose ten calcareous soil samples were taken from research area and five extraction methods (Lindsay and Norvell, Wear and Evans, Olson, Soltanpur and Mehlich methods) were used and three biological indices (dry matter yield, Fe concentration, Fe uptake) were compared. The plant biological indices were determined with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant grown under greenhouse conditions. At the end of the experiment, the highest correlation coefficients (r) were determined between the 0.005 M DTPA + 0.01 M CaCl2 + 0.1 M TEA, 0.005 M DTPA + 1 M NH4HCO3 methods and the biological indices. The correlation coefficients (r) for the 0.005 M DTPA + 0.01 M CaCl2 + 0.1 M TEA method and the three biological indices were 0.648**, 0.780** and 0.656** respectively. For the 0.005 M DTPA + 1 M NH4HCO3 method, these coefficients were determined 0.595**, 0.637** and 0.625**, respectively. Consequently, these extraction methods were suggested for the determination of the available Fe contents of the calcareous soils in Trakya Region, Turkey.

Günümüzde kesme çiçek gelir getiren bir faaliyet kolu haline gelmiştir. Dünya’da 2014 yılında 609.000 ha alanda kesme çiçek üretimi yapılmakta ve süs bitkileri üretim alanının %39’unu oluşturmaktadır. Kesme çiçek üretiminde Asya Pasifik, Amerika kıtaları öncelikli kıtalar, ABD, Japonya, İtalya, Hollanda, Ekvator, Kolombiya, Kenya öncelikli ülkelerdir. Avrupa Kıtası Dünya toplam ihracatının %63’üne Amerika kıtası %29’una hâkimdir. En çok Kesme çiçek ihracatı yapan ülkeler Hollanda (%56), Kolombiya (%17), Ekvator’dur (%11). En çok kesme çiçek ithal eden ülkeler ABD (%18), Almanya (%15), Hollanda’dır (%14). Türkiye’de süs bitkileri üretimi yapılan alanların %26’sında kesme çiçek üretilmektedir. 2016 yılı TÜİK verilerine göre; kesme çiçek üretimi toplamda 1.195 hektarlık alanda yapılmaktadır. Kesme çiçek üretiminin süs bitkileri içerisindeki payı %68’in üzerindedir. Kesme çiçek üretiminde Akdeniz bölgesi %46’lık pay ve 5.095 da ile en fazla kesme çiçek üretim alanına sahiptir. Türkiye coğrafi konumu ve iklim özellikleri bakımından kesme çiçek üretiminde geniş imkânlara sahip ülkeler arasında yer almaktadır. Kesme çiçek üretiminde ekim alanı olarak ilk sırayı İzmir (%41,25) almaktadır. Türkiye’nin süs bitkileri ihracatı 81,5 milyon ABD dolarına yükselmiş ve dünyada bu değerle 26.sırada yer almıştır. Ürün grupları içerisinde %34 oranla en fazla ihracat 27,7milyon ABD dolarıyla kesme çiçeklere aittir. En fazla ihracat yapılan ülke Hollanda’dır (%19,29). Türkiye’de kesme çiçekler arasında en fazla üretimi ve ihracatı yapılan çiçek karanfildir. Kesme çiçek sektörü gelişmeye açık bir sektördür. Bu nedenle ticarette pazar istekleri doğrultusunda hareket etmek ve ürün çeşitliliğine gitmek sektörün gelişimine faydalı olacaktır.

Edible wild mushrooms are becoming more and more important in our diet for their nutritional and pharmacological properties. The aim of this study was to gather information about edible wild mushroom species existed in mycobiota of Vezirköprü district of Samsun province that are economically important and are collected from nature by the villagers and sold in the local markets. The mushroom samples were identified based on their macroscopic and microscopic features. The information, obtained on the collecting time, local names and habitats of the mushrooms was inquired from the sellers, consumers and traders. Cantharellus cibarius, Morchella spp. and Boletus edulis species are not only sold in the Vezirköprü market but also exported. Amanita caesarea, Cantharellus ferruginascens, Craterellus cornucopioides, Clitocybe geotropa, Hydnum repandum, H. rufescens, Lactarius deliciosus, L. semisanguifluus, L. vellereus, L. vinosus, Macrolepiota procera, Ramaria spp., Russula delica and Tricholoma terreum are species of mushrooms with high edible quality and economical importance.

One-year investigation is carried out aimed at evaluating all incomes and costs with a specific focus on the impact of feeding factors in 12 Holstein dairy farms (in total 284 cows) in Kosovo. The cost of on-farm produced feeds; the price of purchased feeds and the price of milk were used for the analysis. All costs created during this period are duly registered and considered in the analysis. Economic analysis showed that prices of on-farm produced feed were much lower (30 €/ton for silages and for hay). Average daily feed cost was 2.33 €/cow/day, while milk income was only 4.9 €/d. Individual feed groups contributed to total milk cost as follows: silages with 0.04 €/kg, dry roughages with 0.02 €/kg, and concentrates with 0.10 €/kg, while all other factors taken 0.13 €/kg of milk price. This study showed that feed was the largest farm expense making 68% of total farm costs.

The aim of this study was to identify factors influencing the intensity of use of improved bread wheat package adoption in the study area. Two kebeles was selected randomly among the potentially wheat producing kebeles in each selected districts and a total of 120 randomly selected households were interviewed for this study. Tobit model was used to elucidate factors affecting adoption of technology packages. Result of the econometric model indicated, male headship (sex), TLU and multiple production objective orientation were important variables which had positively and significantly influenced adoption and intensity of adoption of improved bread wheat production package. Whereas, age of the household, increased annual off-non farm income, increased areas of own farm land, being far apart from the farmer training center and residences had shown negative relationship with adoption and intensity of adoption. The overall finding of the study underlined the high importance of institutional support such as extension; credit and market to enhance adoption of improved wheat production package. Therefore, policy and development interventions should give emphasis to improvement of such institutional support system so as to achieve wider adoption, increased productivity and income to small scale farmers.

Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) Loudon, is a high value medicinal plant found in flora of Poonch part of Himalayan region. The present study was conducted to determine and compare the antioxidant activity, quantification of phenolics and flavonoids, chelating ability, biofilm inhibition, thrombolytic activity and cytotoxicity of the stem, leaves of crudes extracts and essential oil. It can be claimed that that all parts of C. deodara including its essential oil is a rich source of phytochemicals that exhibited high quantity of phenolics ranged from (49.76±0.22 GAE to 60.36±0.44GAE mg/g) and flavonoids ranged from (4.78±0.61mg/g to 6.62±0.45 mg/g)but also exhibited antioxidant, metal chelating agent ability, antibacterial potential ranged from (35.59±0.50 to 61.61±0.61%)and thrombolytic activities ranged from (22.86±0.7 to 32. 64±0.5 %)with minimal toxicity ranged from (0.40±0.35 to 3.73±0.23%). Further studies are required to determine the bioactive compounds and bioactivity of plant extracts and fractions.

Garlic has long been utilizing as a folk remedy for various diseases. In this study, the effect of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) (125 mg kg-1), garlic oil extract (GOE) (125 mg kg-1), and the combination of both extracts (AGE+GOE) (62.5 from each) was studied over a parasitic disease namely schistosomiasis. Determination of some radical scavenging activities including Ferric Reducing Ability Power, Hydrogen peroxide, DPPH and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities were studied. The antioxidant properties of the mentioned extracts on both normal and Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice was also studied. The liver tissues were analyzed for the level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) known as biomarkers for oxidative and reducing status, respectively. The results showed that almost all tested extracts showed high effect of radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, remarkable decrease in worms and tissue eggs were analyzed in all tested extracts as AGE+ GOE (1015 ± 1.41) represented higher level of prohibition in total number of worms and eggs compared to infected untreated mice (1502 ± 2.13). The garlic extracts were potent antioxidants with slight differences.

Araştırma, farklı azot ve fosfor dozlarının aspirde verim ve verim öğelerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amacıyla Kırşehir ekolojik koşullarında 2016 yılında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Denemede ana parsellere azot (0, 4, 8, 12 kg N/da) dozları, alt parsellere fosfor (0, 4, 8, 12 kg P2O5/da) dozları uygulanmış ve tesadüf blokları bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışma sonucuna göre azot ve fosfor dozlarındaki değişimin rozette kalma süresine, çiçeklenme süresine, olgunlaşma gün sayısına, bitki boyuna, yan dal sayısına, tabla sayısına, bin dane ağırlığına ve tohum verimine olumlu etki yaptığı belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda azot ve fosfor dozlarına göre bitki boyunun 48,5 -54,5 cm, yan dal sayısının 2,6-3,6 adet/bitki, tabla sayısının 3,6-4,7 adet/bitki, tabla çapının 19,73-22,28 mm, 1000 tane ağırlığının 34,79-37,43 g, iç-kabuk oranının %57,06-59,37 oranında, tohum veriminin 82,17-182,23 kg/da, ham protein oranı %17,27-19,06 arasında, yağ oranlarının %35,35-38,59 ve yağ veriminin 38,04-60,33 kg/da arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. En yüksek verim 12 kg N/da+12 kg P2O5/da gübre dozundan 182,23 kg/da olarak elde edilmiştir.

In semi-arid regions, unfavorable weather conditions are the most important limiting factors for seed germination. The imbibed or germinating seeds in soil can be dried by hot and dry weather. Thus, seeds can largely lose their germination abilities until the next water uptake (called as ‘alatav’ in Turkish). Before drying, the time of the first water uptake by a seed may be more effective on seed viability at the second water uptake for germination. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to identify the first water uptake rates (WU) of seeds of three bread wheat genotypes (Bezotaja, Kirac and 13-BVD-4) per hour during 50 hours and their germination rates (GR) at the second water uptake after drying the seeds for 3-week in laboratory conditions. The results presented here indicated that the WU and GR were significantly affected by genotypes, imbibition time (T) and their interaction (1% probability level). There was also a significant negative correlation between the WU and GR (r** = –0.9295) at all times studied. Furthermore, the germination ability of Kirac lasted longest (for 38th hour) when the WU reached to 160.24%, and it was followed by Bezostaya and 13-BVD-4 genotypes (63.34% at 37th hour and 152.58% 34th hour, respectively).