In this study, impact of the real effective exchange rate (REER) and its volatility (REERV) on Turkey's agricultural foreign trade was investigated. 25importantcountries in agricultural trade of Turkey and 1990-2012 periods were examined, and panel data analysis was used in this research. IGARCH model was applied to obtain for the REERV. Influence of the REER and REERV on Turkey's agricultural trade was analyzed whit FMOLS model both individual country and groups panel. According to the results of FMOLS model; It was determined that Turkey agricultural import (7.61%) and export (2.24%) were increased when the REER was risen about 1%. The agricultural import was decreased 18.83% in case the REERV was increased 1%. On the other hand, when the REERV was increased around 1%, there was no significantly relationship between agricultural export and REERV. As a result, it can be stated that REER and REERV were caused an imbalance on Turkey's agricultural foreign trade. Agricultural producers and industrialists are often adversely affected by the REERV. For these reasons, it is important to take protective measures for them.

This study presented was carried out in Tokat province of Turkey and its districts. Viticulture made as an agricultural activity in this region has focused on grapevine cultivation in recent years. In this study; be aware of the status producers of agricultural insurance and the trend towards agricultural insurance, reasons for had or not having an agricultural insurance, natural disasters that create risks in vineyards and producers expectation were determined to identify. The main material of study are data were obtained from questionnaire study. In this study, 34 farmers with agricultural insurance and 59 farmes who do not have agricultural insurance producers in the field for a total of 93 questionnaires were realized through face to face. The obtained data were interpreted by interpreting the percentage distribution tables, average, maximum and minimum calculations. According to the results of the study, Narince grape cultivars have been reported as the most commonly cultivated variety in the region. It was determined that this natural disaster risks, respectively, of which the most important of hail and frost damage. Regional vineyards are in the high risk group in terms of the frequency of natural disaster encounter 54.52% of producers are aware of agricultural insurance, 32.25% of producers insect grape products in different years until today. Producers who do not have agricultural insurance are the most important reason for not paying insurance that they do not believe that the claims payments are made in a complete, fair and timely manner and difficulty paying premiums. If vine leaf is included in the insurance, 65% of the producers have been declare that they can substantially insure.

Ecological livestock is a production method which allows all kinds of natural behaviors to be shown, fed with ecological feeds, in order to increase efficiency additives are not used, healthier products are offered to consumers, is sensitive to environmental awareness and animal rights. Especially in recent times, livestock sector has been in demand due to significantly increase of demand for ecological products. Main purpose of ecological agriculture is maintaining production optimization in the life chain between soil, plants, animals and humans healthfully. For this purpose, it is necessary that computer technology should be used at every stage of ecological animal husbandry. Although family-run businesses are in the forefront nowadays, computer technology is not utilized sufficiently. Consequently, information cannot be recorded regularly at every stage of breeding by them. Essential automation system is accompanied by record keeping system that is obligatory and necessary for ecological animal husbandry. Utilizing computer technologies will be crucial in terms of effective use of livestock organizations, creation of ecological animal production policies and strategies, and more active involvement in production planning.

Children's playgrounds which are safe and quiet environments that children can play there have started to become rare as a result of rapid urbanization. Because, the studies have shown that unplanned and distorted urban spaces affect children's behaviours, attitudes and reactions in a bad way. In this study, the availability of children's playgrounds in 22 districts of the city centre of Ordu was investigated. In this context, firstly, children's play areas were determined based on the neighbourhood scale and then area calculations were made and the amount of play area by per child between 0-14 years was calculated in each district. In the second stage, accessibility maps for children's playgrounds were obtained by determining the availability of the playgrounds at 200m distance. The results of this study showed that children's playgrounds are not balanced in the city, increased in some districts, in some cases they are not within reachability limits and can not meet their needs.

Dioxins is one of the chemicals groups that cause liver toxicity, live weight reduction, immune suppression, reproductive impairments, eggshell thinning, birth defects, cancers and death in animals. The 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the most poisonous environmental chemical and many studies were showed high dosage of TCDD affects all animal group. Also TCDD increase cancer risk in human so this chemical described as carcinogenic by International Agency for Research on Cancer. Dioxins are stored in animal foods such as meat, milk, eggs and fish, because they are soluble in oil and remain in these products for many years. Dioxins can dissolve in fat and high stability therefore it can be infected to meat, milk, egg, and fish and store there for long time as a result people could be contained with dioxin during daily life. Animal feed additives such as organic acids, pH modifiers, starch, sugar, vegetable oil, fat, fruit and by-products of plant, kaolinite, rendering products, pelleting aids cause dioxin contamination. The maximum dioxin content in plant-origin feedstuffs and their by-products is 0.75 ng toxic equivalent/kg body weight. In this rewiew, the effects of dioxins on livestock feeding was examined.

Most data of fish feeding on cnidarians were obtained from the studies on gut contents of the predators rather than in situ observations. The feeding observation of Boops boops on Geryonia proboscidalis was observed in September 2013, in Sığacık Bay, the Aegean Sea, Turkey. The four bogue specimen was approximately 10-12 cm in total length (TL), and two out of six tentacles and tip of oral arm of G. proboscidalis was extirpated before the incidence. B. boops individuals directly attacked the intact tentacles of the hydrozoan, and extirpated rest of them in a minute. The present observation is also the northernmost record of G. proboscidalis from the Turkish coasts.

Turkey has almost 70% of world hazelnut production and 80% of hazelnut export. Ordu has the privilege of being the city which has the greatest area with hazelnut by supplying the 33.7% of hazelnut production. The income source of 70% of the people in Ordu is hazelnut and for this city, hazelnut is not only an agricultural product, it is also a national asset. There are 40 hazelnut processing plants with an internal capacity of 350.000 tons annually. 32.5% of these plants are in Ordu. When the top 20 Black Sea Hazelnut and Products Exporters Union member firms with the highest hazelnut export in 2016 were analyzed, it was found that 7 of these firms are in Ordu. These 7 firms in Ordu cover the 11.84% of the total hazelnut export value, which is 1.981.334.911$ for 2016. The purpose of this study which will be discussed within this context is to analyze and show the current states of hazelnut processing plants in Ordu in terms of product processing, quality assurance and standards and marketing. The data obtained as a result of the study will be used to find out the tendencies of the plants in the coming years. Because of this, the study is important in terms of researching the obstacles in increasing the export shares of hazelnut, which is one of the most important export products of Turkey economy. For this purpose, a face-to-face questionnaire was conducted with the managers and authorities of 12 hazelnut processing plants in Ordu. It is expected that the information presented within the context of the study will develop the hazelnut processing industry and will lead the related people researching in this field.

In this study, active secondary metabolite production capacity of actinomycete isolates obtained from Trabzon (Black Sea) sea sediments was investigated by molecular techniques. Totaly 24 actinomycetes were investigated by PCR based on the presence of secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes PKS / NRPS. According to the PCR results, 25 and 58% of actinomycetes obtained from Trabzon sea sediments were found to contain PKS-NRPS and only NRPS gene regions, respectively. When PCR data were evaluated, it was found that the production of the peptide form active secondary metabolite of the isolates by non-ribosomal way was higher than that of the secondary metabolite production by the PKS pathway. In addition, it has been determined that Black Sea marine sediments have high potential for active secondary metabolite production.

Greenhouse tomato production is in the first place in Turkey, 34% of total tomato production (3.614.472 tonnes) is under greenhouse conditions. The increase in yield in Turkey is due to the spread of undergrowth cultivation besides the use of qualified varieties and seeds. Synthetic fertilizers can’t be used to obtain economic efficiency in underground organic tomato growing Therefore, the application of alternative fertilizers (barn stubble, green manure, organic fertilizer, vermicompost etc.) needs to be improved. For this purpose, effect of the eight different fertilizer combination including organic and worm liquid fertilizer, humic acid and mycorrhizae applications on tomato plant and fruit yield were investigated in the study. Negative check without any fertilizer application growing and a positive check; a synthetic liquid fertilizer application was included. Experiment was set up according to completely randomised block design with 3 replications under greenhouse conditions. Tomato fruit length, diameter and weight was determined as fruit yield and fresh and dry weight as plant yield. There was not any statistical difference among fertilizer applications for fruit and plant yield. However, the highest tomato fruit yield was obtained in the treatments of organic (7.17 kg/ plot) and worm fertilizers (4,80 kg/ plot) in combination with mycorrhizae. The results were similar for fruit diameter and length. Plant fresh and dry weight was between 2.01 to 5.92 and 0.368 to 1.153 kg, respectively. The highest plant weight was belong to mycorrhizae and organic fertilizer application.

Levels of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), calcium (Ca), chromium (Cr), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and zinc (Zn) in locally cultivated rice consumed in Ondo and Ekiti States of Nigeria were investigated. The rice samples were obtained from six different rice-producing towns; Akure, Ondo, Ado, Igbemo, Ikole and Erinjiyan. The estimated dietary intake (EDI) of these elements were determined and compared with the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) and dietary reference intake (DRI) values for toxic and essential elements respectively. The measured mean levels of Pb, As, Cr, Cd, Zn, Na, Ca and K were 0.047 ± 0.007, 0.041 ± 0.004, 0.570 ± 0.032, 0.026 ± 0.003, 7.856 ± 0.659, 42.15 ± 0.191, 337.11 ± 0.315, and 2650.09 ± 0.337 µg/g respectively while the average EDI were 00.101 ± 0.042 µg/day, 0.088 ± 0.14µg/day, 1.234 ± 0.045 µg/day, 0.057 ± 0.002 µg/day, 0.017 ± 0.071 mg/day, 0.091 ± 0.013 mg/day, 0.73 ± 0.018 mg/day and 5.742 ± 0.337 mg/day respectively. The EDIs were not significantly higher than the reference values for the elements except Cr. Also the rice samples were not rich enough in sodium, calcium and potassium compared to the dietary reference intakes for these elements. It is recommended that rice diets should be supplemented with other food items such as meat, fruits and vegetables.