Staphylococcus aureus can cause foodborne poisoning and can form biofilms, reducing enterotoxin production and the penetration rate of antibiotics. Therefore, infections and poisonings caused by S. aureus can be difficult to treat. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance levels of S. aureus isolates obtained from raw milk and the presence of biofilm and mecA gene and to reveal the risk to public health. S. aureus was isolated in 30 (30%) of 100 raw milk samples obtained from Van province. A total of 48 S. aureus isolates were obtained from 30 samples. All 48 isolates (100%) obtained were resistant to penicillin G and cefoxitin, 4 (8.33%) to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and chloramphenicol, and 25 (52.08%) to erythromycin. All of the isolates (100%) were found to be susceptible to ceftriaxone. In addition, 26 (54.16%) of the obtained isolates were found to be resistant to at least 3 antibiotics. The strains found to be resistant to penicillin and cefoxitin were also intermediate to at least one of the antibiotics. Biofilm genes were detected in 18 of the S. aureus isolates (37.5%). Twelve of the biofilm-forming isolates contain icaA (66.6%), 3 contain icaD (16.6%) and the other 3 contain bap genes (16.6%). Three of the isolates contain icaA and icaD genes and the other three isolates contain icaA and bap genes together. It was determined that only 2 of the isolates contained the mecA gene. The isolates containing the mecA gene also contained the icaA and icaD genes. In conclusion, the fact that S. aureus isolates had high antibiotic resistance, biofilm-forming genes, and methicillin resistance genes showed that raw milk may be a serious public health problem.

The chokeberry plant, which is native to North America and the south of Canada, is a deciduous, shrub-shaped, berry-like plant belonging to the Rosaceae family, which survives for many years. It is seen as a plant that adapts easily to almost every climatic condition and soil and has many beneficial properties for health. Within the scope of this study, methanol, 70% ethanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, hexane and water extracts were prepared from the fruits collected from the Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott plant, which is cultivated in the Kırklareli region. The chemical contents of the obtained extracts were clarified by high performance liquid chromatography. It was determined that phenolic compounds such as ferulic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, quercetin-3-galactoside, p-coumaric acid were found in the extracts, and ethyl acetate extract was found to have the richest phenolic substance profile. Malvin anthocyanin compound was detected only in methanol extract.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott extracts. Results showed that the total phenols and flavonoids contents of the extracts ranged from 24.57 to 316.11 mg GAE/g and from 1.80 to 12.41μg QE/mg, respectively. Ethyl acetate (EaES) and aqueous (AqES) extracts from seeds showed the highest DPPH scavenging capacity (IC50= 5.51 and 23.43 μg/mL). EaES from seeds, stem bark and fruit pod were the most active in inhibiting β-carotene oxidation. While, aqueous extracts have the ability to chelate ferrous ions. Significant antibacterial activity was obtained against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeroginosa; and inhibition zones varied between 10 to 29.5 mm. MIC and MBC ranged from 0.7–11.25 mg/mL and 5.63–22.5 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, synergistic effects were obtained, where inhibition zones varied between 7 and 50 mm. These results support the use of this species in traditional medicine in many physiological disorders and could be used where antioxidant and antibacterial are warranted.

Since prehistoric times, humans have relied on plants for a wide variety of needs, including sustenance, shelter, thermal regulation, and medical treatment. Plants are significant organics because of the many ways they may be put to use. The white radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin) was tested for its antioxidant and antibacterial properties, as were its tuber and aerial portions. A soxhlet was used to extract ethanol from plant material. The antioxidant and oxidant capacities were tested with the use of Rel Assay TAS and TOS kits. The agar dilution technique was used to test for antimicrobial activity against the bacteria and fungus included in the experiment. As a result of the studies, the TAS value of the tuber extract of the plant was measured as 6.698±0.187, the TOS value as 5.609±0.245 and the OSI value as 0.084±0.002. The TAS value of the herbal aerial parts extract was 4.689±0.223, the TOS value was 3.746±0.128, and the OSI value was 0.080±0.003. Inhibition of tuber extract was observed at concentrations varying between 25-100 against bacterial strains and 200 µg/mL against fungal strains. Aerial parts extract showed inhibition against bacterial strains at concentrations varying between 100-200 and against fungus strains at concentrations ranging from 200-400 µg/mL. As a result, it was determined that the white radish plant has significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

The objectives of the study were to determine the aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) content in ınfant formula samples in Türkiye and to assess the risk of infants’ exposure to aflatoxins food contamination. A total number of 72 samples of infant formulas (premature, hipoallergenic, 0-6, 6-9,9-12 and 12-36 months) were analyzed for the presence of AFM1 using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. 49% of the samples (35 samples) were contaminated with AFM1 and the group most highly contaminated with AFM1 was infant formulas 12-36 (8 samples) months. In addition, this study aimed at evaluating AFM1 levels especially above international (European Commission) (0.025 µg/kg) and local (Türkiye Food Codex Regulation) (0.025 µg/kg) standards and cancer risks associated with the ingestion of infant formula sampled from Türkiye. Five samples of infant formula had AFM1 concentration above maximum allowable concentration according to the standards. Risk assessments of AFM1 for infants ranged between 0.002- 0.035 ng/kg bw/day and >100.000–5263.15 respectively for Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), and Margin of Exposure (MOE). The riskiest group was determined in the 9-12 months samples. Results of our study indicate the high risk of infants’ exposure, who are at the early stage of development and vulnerable to toxic contaminants.

This study aimed to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. in chicken doner samples, both ready for consumption and sold in packages in a modified atmosphere, using classical culture technique and the MALDI-TOF method by determining the antibiotic resistance profile structure through the disc diffusion method by determining the serotypes of the isolates through mPCR. Between September and November 2019, 150 ready-to-eat chicken doner samples (75 of them ready to consume, the other 75 packed in a modified atmosphere) were analyzed. It was found that 23 of the 150 (15.3%) samples analyzed were contaminated with Salmonella spp. 73 isolates were obtained from 23 positive samples. Of these 73 isolates, 33 were found to be Salmonella spp. positive. In serotyping, all 33 isolates were determined to be S. infantis. In the antibiotic resistance profile, 30 of theisolates were resistant to chloramphenicol, 24 to gentamicin, 21 to ampicillin, 20 to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin, 18 to tetracycline and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and 13 to cefoxitin. As a result, the isolation of Salmonella spp. from the samples and their resistance to different antibiotics were evaluated as potential sources of problems in the context of foodborne infectious diseases.

Ethylene insensitive-3 (EIN3) / Ethylene insensitive-3-like (EIL) protein family is a small family of transcription factors specific to plants that play role in plant growth and development under various environmental conditions. In this study, various bioinformatics approaches were used to make an in-depth identification of the EIN3/EIL family at both the gene and protein levels. So, 11 Pvul-EIL genes were identified and their approximate locations were determined. Various biochemical and physicochemical properties of EIL proteins in Phaseolus vulgaris have been described. It was determined that Pvul-EIL proteins had a length of 447-651 amino acids and a molecular weight of 51.08-70.68 kDa. All duplications occurring in the Pvul-EIL genome were segmental type. It was observed that conserved motif, gene structure and phylogeny analyses all yielded similar results. For instance, it has been understood that genes with same motif type and number have similar gene structures and were located under the same branch in the phylogenetic tree. Pvul-EIL protein homology modeling showed that DNA binding properties and protein structure were similar to Arabidopsis EIN3. According to cis-element analysis, Pvul-EIL genes are engaged in a wide range of functions, including tissue-specific, stress, and hormone-sensitive expression. Additionally, RNAseq data was used to perform a comparative expression analysis of EIL genes. Various Pvul-EIL gene expression levels were detected under salt and drought stress. This is the first study to check the gene expression levels in P. vulgaris using in-silico detection and characterization of EIL genes. Therefore, obtained results can form the basis for future studies.

Although concepts such as global climate crisis and global warming, which are frequently used with the industrial revolution, did not make people very nervous before, countries and scientists have begun to think more about this issue today. Recently, with this climate crisis, another crisis deepened by Covid-19, wars and economic problems has been brought to the agenda: The Global Food Crisis. The possibility that people's economic and ecological conditions cannot reach enough and always the same amount of food is becoming increasingly unsettling. With these conditions, it is foreseen that people will include edible herbs in their natural habitats in their menus, as they did in the countryside from time immemorial. There are different studies on natural edible herbs in different disciplines, but there are very few studies evaluating these herbs from a gastronomic point of view. Studies such as the dissemination of traditional knowledge about natural edible herbs and the preparation of recipes for foods and beverages made with these plants are studies that can also find response in fields such as economy, sociology, tourism, health and agriculture. Carrying out all these studies in combination can also contribute to healty and gastronomy-themed tourism. For this reason, in our study, studies on natural edible herbs in Türkiye  were compiled and evaluated in a way to cover ancient times and today and different disciplines. As a result of the evaluation, natural edible plants that came to the fore in previous studies and our study were determined and information about the food parts of these plants, their usage areas and usage patterns were given.

In this study, challenges experienced by dairy cattle enterprises in Southwestern Uganda and the factors influencing their profitability were respectively analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression in STATA 15.0 statistical software. Eighteen questions relating to the challenges experienced by dairy producers in the study area were factor analyzed using principal components analysis with varimax rotation. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin’s measure of sampling adequacy was 0.643, above the commonly recommended value of 0.6, and Bartlett’s test of sphericity was significant (ꭓ² (153) = 1670.13, P<0.001). Using both the scree plot and eigenvalues greater than 1 to determine the underlying components, the analysis yielded five factors explaining a total of 67.42% of the variance in the data. These factors were investment constraints, productivity constraints, climatic and environmental conditions, veterinary and social security services, and marketing constraints, which explained 21.32%, 13.01%, 11.97%, 11.03%, and 10.097% of the variance after rotation, respectively. The factors hypothesized to influence the profitability of dairy enterprises were; daily milk yield per lactating cow, the prevalence rate of diseases, percentage of lactating cows to those raised on the enterprise, attendance of animal production training, the unit production cost of milk, and enterprise size according to the number of animals raised. Regression analysis results of these factors revealed that the unit production cost of milk, enterprise size, and daily milk yield per lactating cow were statistically significant. The estimated model had an R-squared value of 0.92. The recommendations emphasized in this study were reducing milk production costs, rational use of production resources, adopting improved cattle breeds, improving feeding by supplementing animal diets with concentrate feeds to increase milk yield, and general improvement in dairy herd management practices, including disease control strategies.

Research is achieved for the sake of contribution towards science and getting information systematically, starting from the collection of data, passing through interpretation and final evaluation of these data and all that, in an organized manner which is called scientific research. Biotechnology includes the application both of older biological knowledge, which is based on structures, functioning, and development of animals and plants in their ecological setting, and of newer approaches, which are based on an understanding of genetics and on the cellular and subcellular processes. The development of biotechnology has given society an awesome new power and an equally awesome responsibility to use it wisely. Biotechnology is being applied in different areas of science such as agriculture, health, the environment, and many other aspects of science and industry. Most of these applications and developments are centered in the developed countries and the research is established by these notions. Currently, it has been obvious that biotechnology is crucial for notion’s economic growth and sustainable development. Yemen, as one of the most developing countries, is suffering to emerge molecular biotechnology research in universities and research units. This is because of many aspects that affect the soceity, goverment, and ultimatly the entire country, including society, human resources, facilities, infrastructure and environment resources, and stability. To conclude, the researchers in Yemen are surrounding by many challenges, which are starting in society and ending up in the laboratory. The research has very low priority on a long list of priorities such as food, stability, security, and healthcare. All the challenges can be solved, but it will need a more educated society and serious government policy toward research as a tool to build a strong society.