Önemli miktarda enerji ve ham madde tüketimine neden olan portland çimentosu CO2 emisyonunun yaklaşık %7’sinden sorumludur. Çimento üretiminden kaynaklı CO2 salınımı azaltılmasında farklı yöntemlerin araştırılması ya da CO2 salınımı daha az olan bir bağlayıcı kullanılarak çimentoya alternatif malzeme kullanılmasını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Jeopolimer malzeme ise, beton üretiminde kullanılan portland çimentosunun (PÇ) aksine CO2 salınımı oldukça az, tuzlara ve asitlere dayanımı yüksek, sıcaklık ve ateşe dayanımı yüksek olması gibi birçok farklı özelliği sayesinde çimentoya alternatif malzeme olarak kullanım potansiyeli olan ve araştırılan bir malzemedir. Çalışma kapsamında hayvan barınaklarında jeopolimer betonun etkileri araştırılması amacıyla jeopolimer malzemenin alkali aktivatörü olarak yüksek fırın cürufunun (YFC) %20’si oranında seramik tozu (ST), sodyum silikat (Na2SiO4) ile sodyum hidrosit (NaOH) %60 – 40 oranında aktivasyon çözeltisi ile kalsit agregası kullanılarak numuneler hazırlanmıştır. Boyutları 4×4×16 cm numunelerde eğilme ve basınç dayanımları ile 25×25×285 mm numuneler üzerinde de büzülme oranları belirlenmiştir. Jeopolimer betonların hayvan barınaklarındaki durumlarının belirlenmesi amacıyla numuneler %10’luk sülfirik asit (H2SO4) ve sülfat (SO4) solüsyonunda bekletilmiş ve numuneler 28, 56 ve 90. günlerdeki dayanımları karşılaştırılmıştır. Jeopolimer betonun hayvan barınaklarında kullanılmasının avantajlar sağlayabileceği görülmüştür.

This study was conducted to investigate the potential use of diatomite (a natural pozzolana) and pumice in plasters and mortars to be used in agricultural buildings. Compacted and loose unit weights, specific weight, water absorption, organic matter content, abrasion resistance of aggregate (sand and pumice) and pozzolana were investigated and materials were found to comply with the relevant standards. Test results on fresh (unit weight and slum test) and hardened (unit weight, capillary water absorption, total water absorption, bending and compressive strength, vapor diffusion test) mortar samples revealed that pumice and diatomite could be used in agricultural structures. Diatomite and pumice should be heat-treated and grounded before to use in mortars. In plasters to be made with abundant pumice and diatomite sources, high water holding capacity of the materials should be taken into consideration and further researches should be carried out about their compliance with the other materials.

Certified potato seed tuber usage is one of the most important steps for production of high yield and quality potatoes. For this reason different seed tuber production methods have been developed. Among these methods, mini tuber production is the most popular one. In order to produce mini tubers, firstly potato plants are produced in vitro, and these plants are transferred to an environmentally-controlled greenhouse. Thus, disease- and virus-free mini tubers are produced as seed tubers. However, in vitro section of mini tuber production creates problems like storage and transfer of in vitro plants, and adaptation period of the plants to greenhouse conditions. In vitro micro tuber (MT) formation has been selected as a solution of these problems. The aim of the study was to produce micro tubers from 15 different genotypes and evaluate their micro tuberization performances to determine the genotype effect on MT formation. 3 varieties, 3 breeding lines and 9 different genotypes from International Potato Center (CIP) were selected for the study. For this purpose, micro tubers are produced in vitro by using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 8% sucrose and 0.1 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ). All experiments were conducted under dark conditions and 22/16 °C (8/16 h) temperature cycle. The micro tuberization performances were evaluated according to MT number per plant, MT formation rate (%), MT weight per plant (g), mean MT weight (g), mean MT diameter (mm). Differences between micro tuber production performances of different genotypes were determined and CIP395017.229 was identified as the most promising genotype to produce micro tubers.

In this research, fertilizer and soil analysis applications over farmers in District of Kahramanmaras Province has been determined. Investigation data cover surveys made to 379 cultivators. The result indicated that there was no effective and rational fertilizing in area. It was found that farmer’s applied fertilizers without considering soil analysis test. There were significant lack of extension and training about fertilizer use and fertilizing. Farmers need information about fertilizer and fertilizing application. Therefore, farmers training about fertilizer use should be given importance and extension programs should be improved in the research area.

Rosa canina L. çelikleri sonbahar mevsiminde Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Kurupelit Kampüsü florasından temin edilmiştir. Yarı odunsu çelikler, sisleme ve alttan ısıtma sistemi olan köklendirme masasına, 1:1 oranında torf ve perlit karışımına dikilmiştir. Çalışmada 10 farklı rizobakteri (bitki gelişimini düzenleyen) izolatı tek başına ve 1000 ppm oksin (Indole-3-butyric acid-IBA) ile birlikte uygulanmıştır. Çelikler 6 saat bakteri uygulamasından sonra, dikim öncesi 10 saniye IBA çözeltisinde bekletilmiştir. Köklenme oranı, kök yumağı eni, kök boyu ve ana kök sayısı saptanmıştır. En yüksek köklenme oranı Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus megaterium ve Pseudomonas flourescens uygulamalarında %30 olarak saptanmıştır. Kontrolde %10 oranında köklenme görülürken, IBA bazı bakterilerin etkisini değiştirmemiş (Bacillus subtilis, Agrobacterium rubi, Paenibacillus polymyxa), bazılarında hafif düşüşe yol açmış (Bacillus megaterium), buna karşın tek başına hiç köklenme sağlamayan 3 bakteri izolatı (Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida) %10 oranında köklenme göstermiştir. Bakteri uygulamaları genel olarak, köklenme oranı dışında köklenme kalitesini (kök yumağı eni, kök boyu ve ana kök sayısı) artırmıştır.

Bu çalışmada organik (Sel-Plex®-2000, Alltech, USA) ve inorganik selenyum (Na2SeO3.5H2O - Sodyum selenite pentahydrate-FLUCA) ilaveli yem ile beslenen Oreochromis niloticus’un karaciğer antioksidan enzim aktiviteleri ve immün sistem parametreleri araştırılmıştır. Ortalama ağırlıkları 12,62 ± 0,11 g olan balıklar, 5 farklı uygulama grubu (Kontrol; Org1,5; Org3,0; İnorg1,5; İnorg3,0) olacak şekilde akvaryumlara yerleştirilmiş ve 75 gün beslenmişlerdir. Deneme süresi sonunda karaciğer katalaz (CAT), süperoksit dismutaz (SDO), glutatyon peroksidaz (GSH-Px), lizozim (LYZ) ve miyeloperoksidaz (MPO) aktiviteleri ile malondialdehit (MDA) düzeyi ve kas selenyum seviyeleri belirlenmiştir. Karaciğer antioksidan enzim aktiviteleri ve immün sistem parametreleri Se gruplarında kontrol grubuna oranla artmıştır. Kas dokusu Se düzeyi Se ilaveli tüm gruplarda kontrol ile karşılaştırıldığında göre önemli oranda artmıştır. 3mg/kg organik selenyumla beslenen balıklarda, kas selenyum seviyeleri diğer gruplara oranla daha yüksek bulunmuştur.

This paper provides a detailed overview of the current situation of the coffee sector in the Rwandan economy and identifies the possible challenges that the sector is currently facing. The study has identified the economic and the livelihood indicators for farmers who are engaged in coffee production and also gives the Rwandan coffee sector’ situation and its position in the global coffee market. Also, the research has found out that in Rwanda, nearly 500,000 farmers produce coffee along with other crops, notably beans, savory banana and corn and found out that in 2012, coffee accounted for almost 30 percent of Rwanda’s total export revenue. On the other hand, the study revealed that the sector throughout all the coffee production process, has undergone different challenges especially climate change as it is reported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal resources. A low yield was reported in 2007 and climate variability was quoted among the causes. Insufficient rainfall in the last three months of 2006 (the period of coffee flowering) proceeding the short dry season in the first two months of 2007 was recorded. The reduced rainfall was also poorly distributed across coffee growing regions in Rwanda. In addition, the research revealed that even though the area under coffee production is increasing, the coffee production is decreasing due to unexpected climate change and variability in current years and also the improper use of chemical fertilizers by coffee farmers is very critical. The study concluded that adding value to the coffee supply chain of Rwanda is adding direct economic benefits and important indirect social benefits to the lives of individuals and to the health of communities in Rwanda. Moreover, more effort should continue to raise the profile of the Rwandan coffee sector suggesting that proper use of chemical fertilizers, solid marketing channels and climate change adaptations measures would be the fair ways of making the sector more profitable and considering national targets to increase coffee export revenues, a few simple measures to improve the performance of the sector could have substantial effects on the country’s economic growth.

Demir (Fe) noksanlığı dünyada bitkilerde ve insanlarda görülen önemli bir beslenme problemidir. Bu sorun aynı zamanda Türkiye’de de yaygın bir beslenme problemi olup ayçiçeği, önemli derecede verim ve kalite kayıplarına yol açan Fe noksanlığına duyarlı bir tür olarak bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada farklı ayçiçeği genotiplerinin Fe noksanlığına karşı duyarlılığı test edilmiştir. Çalışmada, bitki materyali olarak, TR-6149-SA, TR-3080 ve 6480 genotipleri kullanılmıştır. Bitkiler, Fe’siz (0 µmol Fe) ve Fe (100 µmol Fe) içeren su kültürü yetiştirme ortamında test edilmiştir. Deneme sonunda bitkilerde simptom derecesi, SPAD değeri, klorofil konsantrasyonu, yeşil aksam kuru madde verimi, Fe-redüktaz enzim aktivitesi, yeşil aksam Fe konsantrasyonu ve büyüme ortamının pH değeri ölçülmüştür. Sonuçlar ayçiçeği bitkisinin Fe noksanlığını etkileyen en önemli faktörlerin Fe alımı ve Fe-redüktaz aktivitesi olduğunu göstermiştir. Çeşitlerin Fe noksanlığına karşı toleransta önemli rolü olan köklerin Fe redüktaz enzim aktivitesinin TR-3080 nolu genotipde Fe noksanlığı koşullarında diğer genotiplerden daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, uygulanan değişik Fe konsantrasyonlarına karşı genotiplerin tepkilerinin önemli derecede farklılık gösterdiği ve Fe noksanlığına karşı tolerant genotiplerin belirlenmesinde Fe redüktaz enzim aktivitesinin önemli rol oynayabileceği ortaya çıkmıştır.

Land use management requires controlling natural resources for sustainability. Soil erosion related to improper land use is a major issue around the world. Land degradation may harm the health of ecosystems. Defining the soil loss in a basin is the starting point in the restoration of soil quality for crop production. Reducing soil losses to a tolerable rate is one of the primary objectives for sustainability and soil conservation. Central Anatolia is under considerable risk due to an increase in the cultivation of marginal lands for food production. Cultivated lands have already been reached the final limits throughout the last 50 years. Moreover, forests and considerable areas of pasture have recently been converted to ploughed fields due to agricultural expansion. This study was conducted in the Sarısu basin to evaluate soil losses and land use management for sustainability. The Universal Soil Loss Equation model and Geographic Information System techniques were used to estimate the soil losses. The mean potential soil loss of the basin was calculated to be 1.88 t ha-1 per year with the Universal Soil Loss Equation model. These results are comparatively small when compared to the average value for Turkey of 13 t ha-1 yearly. Our calculated results are closer to the value for the Sakarya river basin, which is approximately 2.77 t ha-1 y-1. In this study, land usages in the Sarısu basin were evaluated in terms of soil losses, tolerable soil loss rates and soil conservation precautions.

This paper focus on the seafood consumption attitudes and behaviours of the millennials (Generation Y) and non-millennials (Generation X, Baby Boomers and Silent Generation) comparatively. The data was collected from a face to face survey which was applied to randomly select 407 individuals in the city of Adana, Turkey in November 2016. As a result of factor analysis applied in the study, it was found that Millennials was significantly and inversely correlated with consumption of wild fish and freshwater fish. Non-millennial generation was inversely correlated with consumption of marine fish, freshwater fish and mussels and the correlation is insignificant. According to the results of the chi square test, it was determined that Millennials mostly preferred to consume fresh (unprocessed) fish. Mann-Whitney test results show that they value health and nutrition factors for consumption and there is a significant difference between these two factors. Besides, factors mainly effecting their purchase behaviour of seafood are directed to freshness, seasonality, place of purchase and wild-aquaculture product classification and there are significant differences between these factors. The fact that the Millennial’s average response to consumption and purchasing is higher indicates that they are more cautious.