Pothohar region of the Punjab, Pakistan is rain-fed with undulating topography. Soils of the area are predominantly loose with low water retention capacity and are vulnerable to erosion. Erratic and high intensity rainfall causes land erosion in the area producing gullies and gorges. Therefore, agriculture in the area faces twin menace of soil erosion and moisture stress. On-farm water control structures are among the important measures to control soil erosion and conserve moisture to enhance agriculture productivity. Present study was designed to evaluate the impact of these structures on soil moisture conservation and physio-chemical characteristics of soil in wheat growing fields. Wheat was sown in the fields, with and without structures during 2009 to 2013. It has been found that construction cost of such structures is about one-fourth that of conventionally used structures in the area whereas reduction in soil erosion has been observed up to 10% with 21% soil moisture conservation as compared to control. Soil fertility level improved significantly as a result of reduced run off and nutrient loss. A substantial improvement in wheat yield up to 15% due to increased fertility and moisture content was also recorded. These structures facilitated a safe disposal of surplus rain water which minimized the gully development, improved the soil structure, checked fertility loss and improved soil moisture retention.

Seed viability and vigor have been influenced by several factors including soil and climatic conditions, plant nutrition, fertilization, irrigation, plant population and post-harvest storages. The study was conducted to determine the appropriate plant density for vigorous seed production in safflower. The effects of row spacing (14 and 28 cm) and seeding rate (40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 seeds m-2) on yield, yield components and seed quality of safflower were detected in the study. The results showed that increased seeding rates resulted in enhanced seed yield and the highest seed yield was obtained from 14 cm and 200 seed m-2 with 3320 kg ha-1. The row spacing and seeding rate did not cause a significant difference in oil and protein contents. Laboratory emergence, germination after accelerated ageing (AA) and electrical conductivity tests were suitable for determining seed quality among the seed lots, while standard germination, cool and cold tests were not appropriate. The highest laboratory emergence percentage and germination after AA were determined in 80 seed m-2 but field emergence percentage in 120 seed m-2. It was concluded that the 14 cm row spacing and seeding rate of 120 seed m-2 should be advised for high yielding seed production regardless of seed vigor in safflower.

Adana province is very suitable for honey bee (Apis mellifera) breeding in terms of climate, geographic structure and rich flora. This study was carried out to investigate of beekeeping structure in Adana. The research was carried out as a questionnaire with technical questions related to technical beekeeping by visiting 169 beekeepers in Adana. In this study, a questionnaire consisting of multiple choice and open-ended questions were used as a data collection method. This survey were obtained data on beekeepers personal information, educational status, reasons for starting beekeeping, how many years they have been beekeeping, recognition of bee diseases and pests, and reared bee species. It is an effort to depict the technical and economic characteristics of province beekeeping practices in order to discover the overall structure of beekeeping in the province. According to the results of the survey, 99.4% of beekeepers’ gender were male, average age 47.77, 58.5% of beekeepers’ education level were primary school, beekeeping experience averaged 19.22 years and colony numbers were 293.21 per beekeeper. Furthermore, the problems of beekeepers were tried to determine.

The studies were carried out to determine some morphologic characteristics of different wild type sunflower (Helianthus spp.) genotypes at Uludağ University, Faculty of Agriculture Department of Field Crops’ laboratory, green house and field conditions in 2017 and 2018. The 20 wild sunflower genotypes [H. annuus (1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 23, 25, 26, 28), H. argophyllus (34 and 35). H. maximiliani (45), H. petiolaris subsp. fallax (50), H. petiolaris subsp. petiolaris (54) and H. annuus ssp. lenticularis (61)] obtained from USDA-America were used in the study. The highest and lowest average the plant height, the head diameter, the number of branches, stem thickness, the length of petiole and 1000 kernel weight values of some of the morphologic characteristics observed and measured in field conditions during two years changed respectively between 235.0-252.5 cm and 64.0-63.0 cm, 7.1-6.5 cm and 1.9-1.9 cm, 30.8-29.8 number and 11.8-8.1 number, 2.9-3.3 cm and 0.8-0.7 cm, 11.8-11.1 cm and 3.1-0.4 cm, 14.8-14.6 g and 5.6-0.8 g in 2017 and 2018. The characters e.g. the ray and disk flower color, head angle and shape, uniformity of flowering and maturity, bract shape, pollen fertility, pubescence at general appearance, branching and type of branching did not show clear differences within genotypes in two years.

The aim of this study is to determine and evaluate the shopping centers with children-friendly design according to the use of families and children in the city of Konya. Our research can only be done at the “Kent Plaza” and “Novada” shopping center, where the official permission can be obtained. Although official writings were written from the other 2 major shopping centers in Konya, unfortunately, the survey was not allowed. In the study, a face-to-face questionnaire was conducted on the basis of volunteerism. The results of the questionnaires were evaluated and interpreted using MS Excel program. As a result of the study, it was found that the shopping malls that were surveyed were adequate for families with children. It has been determined that shopping centers are not only shopping and sightseeing places, but also places where families can have fun when they bring their children, they can spend time together, they can meet their needs, children playgrounds, children’s clothing stores, baby-sitting rooms, children’s toilets, , places suitable for children with disabilities. According to the results of the survey, it has been concluded that “Novada” Shopping Center has family and child friendly design in terms of interior design and variety of usage.

Bu araştırma, Türkiye’de kuru dane olarak kullanımı için tescil edilen dört börülce çeşidinin bazı morfolojik ve tarımsal özelliklerini belirlenerek amacıyla 2013 ve 2014 yetiştirme sezonunda, Amik ovası koşullarında, tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre üç tekrarlamalı olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, en yüksek bitki boyu (221,8 cm) ve en yüksek ilk bakla yüksekliği (43,6 cm) Sırma çeşidinden; en yüksek bitkide dal sayısı (4,0 adet), en yüksek bakla uzunluğu (14,9 cm), en fazla bitkide bakla sayısı (19,8 adet), en fazla bitkide tane sayısı (113,5 adet), en fazla yüz tohum ağırlığı (22,2 g) ve en yüksek tane verimi (275,2 kg/da) Amazon çeşidinden; en fazla baklada tane sayısı (6,2 adet) ve en yüksek hasat indeksi (%39) ise Karagöz çeşidinden elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca yapılan korelasyon analizi sonucunda incelenen bazı özellikler arasında istatistiksel olarak hem olumlu hem de olumsuz ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Dekardaki tane verimi göz önüne alındığında Amik ovası koşullarında denemede yer alan börülce çeşitleri içerisinde Amazon çeşidinin üreticilere tavsiye edilebileceği ortaya çıkmıştır.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of enteritis, pneumonia and omphalitis on oxidative/antioxidant balance in the calves. In total, 27 calves with neonatal disease and 10 healthy calves (control) were used. The sick calves were divided into 3 groups according to localization of infection, omphalitis (n = 10), pneumonia (n = 8) and enteritis (n = 9). Blood samples of the calves were taken from jugular vein for analysis. Blood in tubes without anticoagulant was centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5 min following clotting, and the sera were removed and stored at -80°C until analyzed. Serum malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels of all groups were significantly higher, while glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase levels were significantly lower compared to the control group. As a conclusion, diarrhea, pneumonia and omphalitis are caused by oxidative damage in the calves, and antioxidant treatment may be beneficial in the treatment of these diseases.

In the present study, it is aimed to determine the current state of the goat raising businesses operating in the city of Uşak and in its provinces, their problems and to come up with suggestions for solutions to these problems. In the current study, as the sampling of the study, 132 goat-raising businesses were selected by means of stratified random sampling method and they were administered a questionnaire consisted of 83 questions. The data obtained from the analysis of the questionnaires have revealed that high majority of the goat-raisers are elementary school graduates (86.4%) and they generally raise Hair goat (89.4%). Moreover, it has also been determined that for the mating of goats, male goats are brought into the herd in September and October and this mating process occurs in the form of free insemination, the age for female goats to be used as stock is 15-18 months old, additional feeding and synchronization are not generally practiced and weaning of baby goats occurs when they are 3-4 months old. Births are usually given in February-March and milking also starts in this period and lasts 6 months on average, the lactation milk yield is 60-80 liters, milking is performed once a day with hand and the produced milk is mostly used in cheese production. Moreover, in goat raising, transhumance is not a common practice and high majority of the breeders apply regular protective vaccines. As in many other regions, many problems such as high feed prices, the difficulty in finding a shepherd and price fluctuations force goat breeders to quit. For goat raising to be sustainable, technical and economic supports given to breeders should continue and improve. If the feed can be supplied with the internal resources of the businesses and if their products can be marketed directly without using intermediaries then some of the problems can be alleviated. Putting greater emphasis on this issue and developing incentive policies will make contributions to goat raising. As a result of the present study, it was concluded that developing goat raising businesses operating mostly as small-scale family businesses in the city of Uşak to large-scale businesses where intensive production is made by providing the necessary incentives and subsides is of great importance.

The data in this study was provided from 400 households in the Kucukcekmece District of Istanbul Province in 2011. Unclustered Proportional Sampling Method was used to determine the sample size of the study. The primary objective of this study was to identify the most suitable type of milk for consumers. In determining the most appropriate type, four criteria were taken into account. These criteria are hygiene, shelf-life, nutritional content, and price. Based on the data, milk consumption was 30.2 L per annum per capita in Istanbul Province. The households consist of about 3.7 individuals, and they give importance to hygiene by 26.4 percent, shelf-life by 26.7 percent, nutritional content by 29.6 percent and price by 17.2 percent. 55.3 percent of the households prefer UHT (long of shelf-life Tetra Pac packaged milk which heat-treated range of 135-150°C in a short period of 2-4 seconds) milk, 28.5 percent prefer Pasteurized milk, and 16.2 percent prefer Raw milk. Also, while households gave more importance to price and nutrient content at the raw and pasteurized milk, shelf life and hygiene content at UHT milk. Considering these criteria, the most suitable type of milk for the consumers was UHT milk. As a result, the national companies marketing pasteurized milk in the research area need advertisement works that inform the consumers regarding pasteurized milk.

In this study, electric yellow cichlid were (Labidochromis caeruleus) exposed to acute cadmium (Cd) concentrations (0, 50, 60, 70, 80 mg l-1) for 72 h, and chronic Cd concentrations (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00 mg l-1) for 20 d to examine histological alternation. In addition to the recovery was detected after 10 d. After chronic trial, rest of the fish were exposed to just water not containing cadmium for 10 day for recovery. Gills, liver, muscle, and spleen samples were collected from randomly selected fish. The tissue samples prepared with standard techniques for haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Cadmium depending on concentrations increase caused severe disorders on fish. After acute exposure, several changes were detected such as edema, hyperplasia, breakdown in epithelial tissues of gills; vacuolation and necrosis in liver; increase of hemosterin clustering and necrosis in spleen. After chronic exposure, some symptoms were also found such as edema, aneurysm, degermation of secondary lamellae in gills; degeneration and necrosis in liver; degeneration and granulomas in spleen. Additionally, after recovery of chronic Cd exposure some of the same symptoms were observed such as edema, hyperplasia and aneurysm in gills; vacuolar degeneration and necrosis in liver; granulomas and degeneration in spleen.