In this study, some biochemical characteristics (total protein, total RNA, Catalase: CAT enzyme activity and malondialdehyde: MDA level) of Italian bee (A. m. ligustica) and Caucasian bee (A. m. caucasica), and Muğla and Anatolian bees (A. m. anatolica) from local honey bee races were investigated comparatively. Laboratory analyzes of biochemical characteristics were performed on worker bees aged 24 days old with 10 repetitions using appropriate methods informed in the literature. The amounts of total protein of bee races given above were 18.39±1.28, 20.71±0.63, 18.56±1.24 and 20.95±2.15 g/dL, respectively; the amounts of total RNA were 11.46±0.18, 12.10±0.26, 11.87±0.20 and 12.27±0.26 µg/µL, respectively; the CAT activities were 4.59±0.46, 5.12±0.67, 4.88±0.48 and 5.25±0.53 kU/g P, respectively; the levels of MDA were 0.52±0.04, 0.50±0.04, 0.48±0.02 ve 0.43±0.05 mmol/mg, respectively. Variance analysis showed that statistically significant differences among races in terms of the all characteristics examined. The results of CAT activity which is one of the indicators of antioxidant defense system, and levels of MDA which is an indicator of peroxidation of membrane lipids; and similarly total amount of protein also includes various proteins such as antioxidants and enzymes; it can be said that the Anatolian and Caucasian bee races (due to higher total protein, total RNA and CAT activities, and lower MDA level) are more resistant to various negative environmental factors (e.g. climate, flora, pesticide, etc.) than the Muğla and Italian bee races in the conditions of the Central Anatolia Region; there are significant differences between the bee races in terms of amounts of total RNA and this parameter can be also used in the characterization of bee races.

Yapılan bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de yetişen iki farklı Maviyemiş (Brigitta ve Darrow) çeşidine ait sezonluk meyveler tüm yıl boyunca ulaşılabilirliğinin sağlanması amacıyla reçel ve marmelata işlenmiştir. Elde edilen ürünlerin depolama süresince toplam fenolik madde, toplam antosiyanin ve antioksidan kapasitesi gibi beslenme ve sağlık açısından son derece önemli fitokimyasal özelliklerindeki değişimlerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Taze maviyemiş meyvelerinde başlangıçta, reçel ve marmelatlarda ise 6 aylık depolama sürecinin 0, 2, 4 ve 6. aylarında toplam fenolik madde, antioksidan kapasite (TEAC, FRAP), toplam antosiyanin, polimerik renk ve HMF analizleri yapılmıştır. Depolama süresince maviyemiş çeşitlerine ait reçel ve marmelat örneklerinde toplam fenolik madde miktarı 178,68-518,45 μg GAE/g; TEAC değerleri 1,16-11,60 μmol TE/g; FRAP değerleri 1.83-10,33 μmol TE/g ve antosiyanin miktarının 7,35-298,22 µg cy-3 glu/g arasında değiştiği ve en yüksek değerlere Darrow çeşidine ait örneklerin sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. 6 aylık depolama süresi sonunda Polimerik renk değeri bakımından en fazla artışın (%124 ve %73) Darrow çeşidine ait reçel ve marmelat örneklerinde gerçekleştiği, HMF değeri bakımından ise en fazla artışın (%65 ve %87) Brigitta çeşidine ait reçel ve marmelat örneklerinde meydana geldiği gözlemlenmiştir.

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibilities of using various flour substitutes instead of wheat flour in the production of tarhana, which is a fermented food. In the studies examined for this purpose, various legume and cereal flours (oats, quinoa, lupine, wheat germ, chickpeas, beans, corn, rice, buckwheat and lentil flours), tomato paste production waste (tomato seed, tomato pulp, pepper seed, pepper pulp), potato starch, chestnut flour, carob flour, hazelnut pulp, almond pulp, and fish meat were substituted for wheat flour. With these substitutions used instead of wheat flour in the production of tarhana, it was aimed to increase the nutritional properties of the tarhana, improve its sensory properties and quality features. Alternative flours used in the production of tarhana were investigated in this study. According to the results obtained from the compiled studies, tarhana produced with the use of substitute flour will be an alternative to demand of consumers with high functional, natural and nutritional quality.

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli'nin neden olduğu bakteriyel adi yanıklık (CBB), üretim alanlarında tüm fasulye çeşitlerini etkileyen en tahripkâr bakteriyel hastalıktır. Bu çalışmada, farklı iklim özelliklerine sahip Konya ve Afyonkarahisar illerinde yaygın olarak yetiştirilen Alberto çeşidi kuru fasulye üzerinde CBB hastalığına karşı farklı bakırlı preparatların etkililiği araştırılmıştır. Tarla koşullarında 5 haftalık fasulye bitkileri, yüksek virülent Xap k133 izolatının 108 hücre mL-1 konsantrasyonundaki bakteri süspansiyonu ile inokule edilmişler ve inokulasyonlardan sonra 5’er gün arayla 2 kez üretici firmalar tarafından önerilen dozlarda bakır hidroksit, bakır sülfat pentahidrat, bakır oksiklorür + bakır hidroksit ve bakır oksiklorür uygulanmıştır. Hastalık şiddeti (%) ve hastalık skoru, 0-9 skalası kullanılarak değerlendirilmiş ve kimyasalların etkililikleri su püskürtülen kontrol bitkileri ile mukayese edilerek Abbott formülü yardımıyla belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen istatistiki verilere göre, en etkili bakırlı preparat %42,59–47,25 etkililik oranlarıyla bakır oksiklorür uygulaması ile tespit edilmiş, bakır sülfat pentahidrat ise %7,69–12,96 oranları ile en düşük etkiliğe sahip olmuştur. Tarımda aşırı miktarda bakır kullanımının çevre ve insan sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerinin yanısıra bakteriyel patojenlerde bakıra dirençli ırklar gelişmektedir. Ülkemizde kuru fasulyede CBB hastalığına karşı en etkili bakırlı preparatın belirlenmesi amacıyla yaygın kullanılan preparatların etkinliği ilk kez araştırılmıştır ve elde edilen bulgular ile daha az bakır kullanılarak organik ve çevre dostu sürdürülebilir bir fasulye üretimi yapılabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Bitkilerde ve üzerinde yaşayan mikroplar (bitki mikrobiyomu) bitki sağlığı için kritik öneme sahiptir ve besin alımını kolaylaştırarak, bitki hormon seviyelerini düzenleyerek ve patojen saldırısına karşı koymaya yardımcı olarak etkilerini gösterirler. Bitkiler karmaşık mikrobiyomlarla ilişkili meta organizmalardır. Bitki yüzeylerinde (epifitler) veya bitki dokuları (endofitler) içinde bulunan mikroorganizmaların çoğu, herhangi bir bitki hastalığına neden olmaz, ancak genellikle konakçı bitkilerinin besin tedarikine önemli ölçüde katkıda bulunur. Ayrıca bitki mikrop etkileşimi sekonder metabolit miktarında değişimlere neden olur. Bu derlemede, bitki sekonder metabolit miktarını artıran bitki ve kökle ilişkili mikrop (Rizosfer) arasındaki etkileşimine odaklanarak bu fenomeni destekleyen mekanizmalar hakkında anlayışımızı geliştirecek detaylı bilgiler verilmektedir.

Domateste bakteriyel kanser ve solgunluk hastalığı ekonomik boyutta bitki gelişimini ve verimini sınırlandıran önemli bir hastalıktır. Hastalığa dayanıklı ticari çeşit bulunmaması ve kimyasal mücadelenin yetersiz olması nedeniyle mücadelesi oldukça zordur. Bu çalışmanın amaçları (1) domates bitkilerinden farklı yıllarda elde edilen Cmm izolatlarının klasik ve moleküler yöntemlerle tanısını yapmak, (2) domates bakteriyel kanser ve solgunluk hastalığına karşı farklı nitrifikasyon inhibitörlü gübrelerin hastalık gelişimi üzerine etkisini incelemektir.Elde edilen sekiz adet izolat Mirabilis jalapa yapraklarında aşırı duyarlılık, domates fidelerinde patojenite özelliği ve agaroz jelde 614 bp bant oluşturarak Cmm olarak tanılanmışlardır. Saksı denemeleri şeklinde yürütülen bu çalışmada karşılaştırma olarak azot inhibitörsüz normal amonyum sülfat ile yavaş salınım özelliğine sahip disiyandiamid (DCD) ve 3,5 dimetilpirazolyum gliseroborat (DMPB) azot inhibitörlü amonyum sülfat gübreleri kullanılmıştır. Denemede gübrelerin 100, 250 ve 500 ppm dozları bitkilere sulama suyu şeklinde birer hafta arayla üç kez uygulanmış ve uygulanan gübrelerin etkinliği, pozitif kontrol grubundaki bitkilerle kıyaslanarak belirlenmiştir. İki kez tekrarlanan çalışmada, birinci denemede gübreler hastalık gelişimini %42-78 oranları arasında, ikinci denemede ise %44-82 oranları arasında engellemiştir. Her iki denemede inhibitörlü ve inhibitörsüz gübrelerin 500 ppm dozları hastalığı baskılamada en etkili uygulamalar olmuştur. Bu çalışma azot inhibitörlü gübrelerin bakteriyel kanser ve solgunluk hastalığı üzerine etkisini ortaya koyan ilk çalışmadır. Sonuç olarak, domates bakteriyel kanser ve solgunluk hastalığı ile entegre mücadele programlarına inhibitörlü gübrelerin de eklenmesi faydalı olacaktır.

Microalgae, also called phytoplankton by biologists, are very small plant-like organisms with a diameter of 1-50 micrometers without roots, stem and leaves. Microalgae, which have hundreds of thousands of species in both fresh waters and seas, form the lowest link of the food chain in aquatic ecosystems. Most species contain chlorophyll, use sunlight as an energy source, and convert carbon dioxide into biomass (biomass). Because of their role in the photosynthesis process, microalgae produce most of the oxygen in the atmosphere. It has a very wide biodiversity and is reported to contain more than 200 thousand species. As a result of genetic analysis, a continuous increase in microalgae species is observed. More than 15 thousand new chemical compounds have been discovered from algae in recent years. It has been observed that most of the bio compounds obtained from microalgae have antiviral effects. However, although extensive research has been done on the antibacterial, antioxidant and antifungal effects of these bioactive compounds, there is limited research on their antiviral effects. In these limited number of studies on the antiviral effects of microagines, it has been reported that some biocompounds isolated from algae may be effective against viruses that are the cause of diseases such as “HIV, SARS and AIDS”. However, the number of researches on viruses that cause today's biggest pandemic, such as coronavirus, of different biocompounds isolated from microalgae, is very small. To date, no vaccine that can be effective against the COVID-19 virus or a drug that can inhibit the reproduction of the virus has not been found. It is thought that micro or macro algae may be one of the most promising natural resources in solving this global health problem. Because Spirulina, which is a microalgae, has antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic, antibiotic, antioxidant, prebiotic, cardiovascular system protective and antiallergic effects and these positive effects are caused by bioactive compounds found in high content (Rosales-Mendoza et al., 2020a). In this review, especially the antiviral effects of microalgae were tried to be summarized and it was tried to be emphasized that algae could be promising natural resources in the development of new antiviral drugs by our country's scientists.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of using 1%, 3% and 5% pomegranate seed powder (PSP) on model system chicken meat emulsion (CME) quality parameters. For this purpose, the properties of the emulsion samples prepared using different amounts of PSP were compared with the control group prepared with 70% chicken breast meat, 18% chicken skin, 10% water, 1.5% salt and 0.5% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). Chemical composition, pH, emulsion stability, water holding capacity, cooking yield, and color were analyzed in emulsion samples. TBARs and peroxide values of the samples were determined on days 0, 3, 5 and 7 during storage. Use of pomegranate seed powder in emulsion formulation resulted a decrease in b* and a* values. At the same time, with the addition of pomegranate seed powder, there was no difference in the protein values of the raw samples and the moisture, ash and pH values of the cooked samples. It was also observed that pH values, water holding capacity and cooking efficiency of emulsions increased with the increasing levels of PSP. Both peroxide and TBARs values were lower in emulsion samples formulated with PSP on 7 d compared to the control group.

The methods applied for yield increases per unit animal are also progressing rapidly, along with the rapid progress of agricultural and animal production in parallel with the rapidly developing population and the food demand. The increase in animal products increases the environmental impacts per unit of animal product. With the increase in animal wastes in recent years, greenhouse gas emissions have increased even more, thus negatively affecting the environment and animal health. In order to prevent this negative effect, sustainable methods and strategic measures related to animal feeding and care are important in order to reduce the emission of harmful greenhouse gases. Methane, which is the second most important greenhouse gas, is found in large amounts in the atmosphere as a molecule, the accumulation of this gas in the atmosphere more than CO₂ increases the interest in this subject. Different practices related to the nutrition of ruminant animals (use of feed additives, feeding strategies) in order to optimize rumen conditions and increase productivity per unit animal is a developing area. Sharing this information with animal breeders will also benefit the environment, and therefore human and animal health, in terms of reducing both methane and nitrogen emissions. In ruminant animals, it can cause a loss of 2-12% of the gross energy taken with the feed so that the methane gas can be removed from the body. There are many studies on feeding to reduce nitrogen losses in faeces and urine, which cause methane emissions for ruminants, and many of these studies still do not reach a permanent conclusion. The reduction in enteric CH₄ emissions to be made must be tailored to the specific needs of farmers and livestock, and to be cost-effective. In our study, it is aimed to compile animal feeding strategies and reduction of methane emissions under different conditions.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of two different cage systems (enriched and conventional) and low and high stocking densities on performance, egg quality and egg shell microorganisms. In study, two different genotypes were used to native (Atak-S) and foreign (Lohmann) hens occurred of 864 hens used. As the cage system, the battery type was used in the conventional system and the enriched cage type was used in the alternative system. The results indicated that genotype and cage system significantly affected egg production and egg mass in the laying period (18-76 weeks). It was determined that Lohmann genotype and conventional cages had significantly higher egg production and egg mass in this period. It was seen that hens consumed significantly higher feed in enriched cages than in conventional cages, and were significantly better feed conversion ratio in low stocking density compared to high stocking density. The effects of genotype and cages system on the quality characteristics of eggs were found to be significant, and it was determined quality characteristics of Lohmann eggs were better (especially eggshell quality. In addition, it was understood that the internal quality of the eggs in the conventional cages and the external quality characteristics of the eggs in the enriched system were positively affected. The total numbers of microorganisms were determined to be higher on shell of eggs from enriched cages than conventional cages. The total numbers of microorganisms were higher in enriched cage eggs compared to conventional cage eggs. However, stocking density was not a significant effect on the microbial load of the eggshell.