Vernalizasyon bazı bitkilerin erken gelişme dönemlerindeki düşük sıcaklık ihtiyacıdır. Bu bitkilerin vejetatif dönemden generatif döneme geçiş yapabilmesi için belli bir süre düşük sıcaklıkta kalmaları gerekir. Bu çalışma bazı arpa çeşitlerinin vernalizasyon uygulamalarına tepkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Dört kışlık, iki alternatif ve iki yazlık arpa çeşidinin kullanıldığı bu araştırma tesadüf parsellerinde faktöriyel deneme desenine göre üç tekerrürlü yürütülmüştür. Arpa çeşitlerinin çimlenmiş tohumları torf içeren küçük kaplarda 0, 4, 5 ve 6 hafta süreyle 2°C’de vernalizasyon uygulaması için bekletilmiştir. Gelişen fideler saksıya aktarılmış ve serada 22 saat ışık/2 saat karanlıkta 22°C sabit sıcaklıkta yetiştirilmiştir. Bitkilerde sapa kalkma süresi, başaklanma süresi, olgunlaşma süresi, fertil kardeş sayısı, başakta tane sayısı ve bin tane ağırlığı belirlenmiştir. Vernalizasyon uygulamalarının incelenen bütün karakterlere etkisi çeşitlere göre önemli derecede değişmiştir. Araştırmada kullanılan kışlık çeşitler Sladoran, Alba, Dicktoo ve Aydanhanım vernalizasyon ihtiyacı karşılanmadan başaklanamamışlardır. Bu çeşitlerde başaklanma süresi göz önüne alındığında dört haftalık vernalizasyon uygulamasının yeterli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Dört haftalık vernalizasyon, alternatif çeşitler Tokak 157/37’de 9 gün, Kearney’de ise 40 gün daha erken başaklanma sağlamıştır. Yazlık çeşitlerde vernalizasyon uygulaması belirgin bir değişikliğe neden olmamıştır. Vernalizasyon uygulaması süresince geçen süre de göz önüne alındığında bütün kışlık çeşitler için dört haftalık vernalizasyon süresi en uygun süre olarak görülmektedir. Alternatif çeşitler için vernalizasyon uygulaması ise genotipe bağlı değişken olduğundan dolayı, bu çeşitlerin ıslah programlarında kullanımı durumunda mutlaka vernalizasyon sürelerinin belirlenmesi gerekmektedir.

The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of alternatives of dormex on apricot budbreak and their effect on apricot fruit quality. Our study was carried out on five-years old “Canino” apricot at Badr district, El Behira Governorate, Egypt, during the two seasons 2022 and 2023, respectively. Twenty-four uniform apricot trees were selected and sprayed to the runoff once on 20 and 25 January during 2022 and 2023, respectively, by following treatments: control, mineral oil at 2%, low pyrite urea at 2%, ammonium nitrate at 1.5%, potassium nitrate at 2%, mineral oil combined with low pyrite urea at the same concentration of 2%, mineral oil at 2 % combined with ammonium nitrate at 1.5 %, mineral oil combined with potassium nitrate at the same concentration of 2%. For each of the treatments that were used, 0.05% (v/v) of the non-ionic surfactant tween 80 was applied. In both seasons, the use alternatives dormex chemicals resulted in better budbreak than control trees especially the formulation of mineral oil at (2%) plus potassium nitrate (2%).

Recycling plant residues through various processes is essential for addressing waste issues in our country, because it contributes to the protection of the environment and ecosystems. Composting is one of the most important recycling methods for plant residues. Composts are not only natural, but they also enhance soil fertility and exhibit fungitoxic properties on the mycelial and spore germination of fungi. This study aimed to isolate bacterial bioagents from compost derived from various agricultural and household organic wastes, and to assess their antagonistic potential against important plant pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum under in vitro conditions. A total of eight bacterial isolates were obtained, identified as belonging to Bacillus spp. Dual culture tests were used to evaluate the potential of these bacterial candidates to inhibit the mycelial growth of phytopathogenic fungi. In vitro trials revealed that six bacterial isolates exhibited varying degrees of antagonistic effects (23.3%- 63.3%) on the mycelial growth of B. cinerea. Among the tested bacteria, two isolates were effective against S. sclerotiorum, demonstrating antifungal activity ranging from 80% to 83.3%. The results indicate that composts provide a favorable environment for microorganisms with antagonistic potential, suggesting that these cultivation environments could play a significant role in the biological control of fungal pathogens in agriculture. In conclusion, this study contributes to the development of sustainable agricultural practices by ensuring a more efficient utilization of organic waste.

The objective of this study was to identify the plants with varying chromosome numbers in the F2 generation, resulting from interspecific hybrids between hexaploid Triticum compactum and tetraploid Triticum turanicum, and to examine the morphological, physiological and agronomic characteristics of these plants. Therefore, the objective was to assess the potential for developing monosomic lines (particularly pentaploid) for the D-genome of wheat, with a view to their utilization in future breeding programs of wheat, and to ascertain the correlation between the estimated chromosome numbers and the superior phenotypic characteristics of the plants in question. The germination percentage was determined by germinating 230 seeds, which will form the F2 generation of Triticum compactum × Triticum turanicum interspecific hybrid, in Petri dishes together with the parents. Thereafter, the plants were transferred to 2 m long rows, 30 cm between rows and 10 cm above rows. The F2 plants were subjected to evaluation in order to ascertain their morphological, physiological and agronomic characteristics. Furthermore, the nuclear DNA contents of the F2 plants were determined by flow cytometry, and chromosome numbers were estimated based on the DNA contents of the parents. Finally, the correlations between the estimated chromosome numbers and the measured plant traits were determined. The nuclear DNA contents of F2 plants exhibited variability, with values ranging between 7870.39 and 11632.1 pg. Additionally, three plants with 35 chromosomes were identified. The F2 plants showed superior physiological traits compared to the parents, however, they displayed lower values for spike traits that affect yield. The superior traits had by F2 plants can be observed in subsequent generations, thus providing a valuable genetic resource for breeding programs and certain genomic studies.

Nowadays, the concept of sustainability is important in poultry meat production as in every field. The health status of the birds must be well-stated for sustainable broiler production. Considering that synthetics attract reactions and some of them are banned or limited, the use of natural feed additives for health protection has been the focus of research attention. St John’s wort is a plant that can positively affect the health of animals with bioactive components such as the hypericin it contains. St John’s wort or hypericum (Hypericum perforatum L.) has antiviral and antimicrobial effects in broilers and positively affects on blood biochemical parameters. This positive effect on health level also improves performance. The review aims to give information about St John’s wort and to examine a limited number of studies on their use in the diet of broilers.

This study explores the phytochemical composition and antibacterial properties of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Anastatica hierochuntica against foodborne pathogens and clinical isolates. Phytochemical analysis identified key compounds, including alkaloids (7.15 ± 0.0365 mg/g), flavonoids (3.16 ± 0.007 mg/g), and tannins (0.18 ± 0.0025 mg/g). Food samples yielded Escherichia coli isolates, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella typhi, and Serratia marcescens. The antibacterial efficacy was assessed using the agar well diffusion method against these pathogens and clinical isolates, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The aqueous extract demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against all food pathogens, with Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Serratia marcescens exhibiting the largest inhibitory zones (34 mm). Among clinical isolates, only Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed selective inhibition. Conversely, the methanolic extract was largely ineffective, displaying activity only against Serratia marcescens (average inhibitory zone of 11.7 mm). These results underscore the potential of A. hierochuntica aqueous extracts as a natural antimicrobial agent and suggest further investigation into its bioactive compounds for improving food safety and addressing multidrug-resistant pathogens.

Son yıllarda tüketicilerin doğal ürünleri tüketmeye yönelik eğilimlerinin artması ile birlikte olumsuz etkileri olmayan, çevre dostu, güvenli ve yüksek antimikrobiyal etkiye sahip biyokoruyucular, gıda endüstrisinde alternatif antimikrobiyal ajanlar olarak daha önemli bir konuma gelmiştir. Laktik asit bakterileri tarafından doğal süreçler sonucu üretilen bakteriyosinler gıda güvenilirliğinin sağlanması ve kalitesinin arttırılması açısından önemli bir potansiyel sunmaktadır. Bakteriyosinler logaritmik fazda ya da logaritmik fazın sonunda ribozomal olarak sentezlenen ve antagonistik etkiye sahip olan antimikrobiyal peptitlerdir. Bakteriyosinler, Gram-pozitif ve Gram-negatif bakteriler üzerine hücre zarında gözenek oluşumu ve hücre duvarı yapısının bozulması gibi çeşitli etki mekanizmalarına sahiptir. Bakteriyosinlerin karakterize edilebilmesi için saflaştırma proseslerinin verimli olması oldukça önemlidir. Ayrıca, geri kazanım verimini arttırmak amacıyla mikroorganizmaların üreme koşullarının optimize edilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bakteriyosinlerin ısıya karşı stabil olmaları, yüksek sıcaklıkta işlem gören birçok gıda maddesinde kullanılabilirliklerini arttırmaktadır. Bu derleme çalışmasında, bakteriyosinlerin sınıflandırılması, etki mekanizması, üretimine etki eden faktörler, optimizasyonu, saflaştırılması ve karakterizasyonunun yanı sıra gıda sistemlerindeki inhibitör etkinlikleri ele alınmıştır.

Current study intends to find out the carbon footprint of Dokuz Eylül University's Tınaztepe Campus and comprehensively assess its environmental impact in the process. The study provides a detailed analysis of carbon emissions resulting from the campus’s energy consumption, transportation, water usage, and other sources. Based on these analyses, the total CO2 emmission of the campus has been determined, taking into account the carbon sequestration capacity of the university's forested area. Calculations performed using the IPCC Tier 1 Model estimate that Tınaztepe Campus's total annual carbon footprint is 2,458.44 tons of CO2. Additionally, the annual carbon footprint per capita has been calculated as 0.059 tons of carbon footprint. According to the findings, the largest portion of carbon emissions is from natural gas consumption, while the smallest is from water consumption. In light of this data, various strategic recommendations have been developed to reduce the campus’s carbon footprint. These recommendations include measures such as increasing energy efficiency, adopting more sustainable transportation methods, and reducing water consumption. The results of this study provide valuable insights for universities to consider when developing sustainability policies.

This study was carried out under controlled conditions to determine the effects of chitosan-based nanoemulsion film coating formulations, formed using different essential oils, on storage quality of sugar beet roots during storage period. In the study, roots of Conviso Smart (KWS) sugar beet variety were coated with nanoemulsion film formulations containing thyme (Thymus vulgaris), clove (Szygium aromaticum), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oils doses of 250, 500 and 1000 ppm immediately after harvest. The roots were stored in plastic cases under controlled conditions (+ 8-10°C, 85-90% relative humidity) for 90 days. Weight loss in beet roots was determined at 30-day intervals from the start of the storage period, and at the end of the storage period, firmness, dry matter ratio, brix value, polar sugar, reducing sugar, alpha amino nitrogen and glycine betaine contents and fungal infection developments in beet roots were also evaluated. The film coating applications significantly affected postharvest weight and quality losses in sugar beet roots. The applications significantly reduced roots weight loss during storage compared to the control. Although the polar sugar ratios were higher in film coated roots compared to the control, alpha-amino nitrogen, glycine betaine, and reducing sugar contents showed significant decreases. White mold and green mold infections on the roots were significantly decreased, especially with high dose film coating applications. The highest dry matter ratio, brix values and firmness were obtained from film coatings containing 1000 ppm cinnamon and thyme essential oils. While polar sugar ratio was higher in root which film coated compared to the control, alpha amino nitrogen, glycine betaine and reducing sugar contents showed significant decreases. White mold and green mold infections developing on root showed significant decreases especially with film coating applications applied at high doses. The study concluded that coating sugar beet roots with nanoemulsion film formulations containing essential oils can significantly reduce, weight and quality losses, as well as fungal disease development, during the storage period.

This study was carried out at the research field of Rainas Municipality, lamjung, Nepal from February to June 2022. It was conducted to evaluate the effect of different doses of ethephon on vegetative character, sex expression and yield of cucumber. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 replications and 5 treatments (four different doses of ethephon @ 100 ppm, @ 300 ppm, @ 400 ppm and @ 500 ppm as well as water spraying as control). Spraying was done twice, the 1st at two true leaf stage and the 2nd at four true leaf stage. The observed data were analyzed using Gen stat and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) to find out the significant differences between the mean values at 5% level of significance. Among various concentration of ethephon, the most potent doses of ethephon to increase female flower were 100 ppm, 300 ppm and 400 ppm. The treatment with 300 ppm ethephon result early emergence of female flower, higher number of female flower and lower sex ratio followed by 400 ppm. Yield of cucumber was found higher with 300 ppm ethephon comparison to other treatment. The benefit-cost ratio (B:C ratio) was found highest at 300 ppm ethephon treatment and lowest in the control group. Considering various impacts of different doses of ethephon, treatment with 300 ppm ethephon is recommended.