In wheat cultivation, sowing frequency is one of the crucial agronomic applications affecting grain yield. The aim of the research was to determine the effects of application of different sowing frequency (350, 500, 650 and 800 seeds m-2) for bread wheat cultivars (Alpu 01, Atay 85, Bezostaja 1, Harmankaya 99, Sönmez 01 and Sultan 95) on yield and yield components. Trials was carried out in Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute Eskişehir central campus fields during at 2012-13 and 2013-14 crop seasons in irrigated and rain fed conditions with 3 replications in randomized complete blocks design. In this study, the factors such as grain yield, number of spike per square meter, spike length, number of grain per spike, weight of grain per spike and harvest index were examined in terms of sowing frequency applications and cultivars in both conditions. As a result, the maximum grain yield was obtained from 650 seeds m-2 in rainfed conditions and this value was obtained from the application 500 seeds m-2 in irrigated conditions. Harmankaya_99 variety reached the highest values in terms of grain yield in both conditions and followed this by Alpu01 variety. In both conditions spike length, number of grain per spike, weight of grain per spike and harvest index parameters decreased inversely with increasing sowing frequency, while the number of spike number per square meter increased in direct proportion to increased sowing frequency. In rainfed conditions while there was a positive correlation between the grain yield with number of spike per square meter and harvest index, there was negative correlation among grain yield with spike length, number of grain per spike and weight of grain per spike. There was found significant positive correlation between grain yield with spike length and harvest index in irrigated conditions.

Development of an efficient plant regeneration protocol is essential for vegetable crop advancement by biotechnological methods. In this study, regeneration protocols of four pepper lines of different pepper types were optimized. Different protocols for organogenesis were investigated in regeneration experiments. Optimum plant regeneration was obtained in different combinations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in organogenesis assays. In organogenesis experiment, the highest shoot development was determined as 80% from hypocotyl explant of Demre pepper in 4 mg L-1 BA+0.5 mg L-1 IAA, 80% from hypocotyl explant of Charleston pepper in 3 mg L-1 BA+0.5 mg L-1 IAA, 80% from hypocotyl explant of capia pepper in 5 mg L-1 BA+0.5 mg L-1 and 84% from hypocotyl explant of bell pepper in 5 mg L-1 BA+0.5 mg L-1 IAA. Afterward, shoots were rooted and whole plants were obtained.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Akdeniz Üniversitesi yerleşkesi içerisinde yer alan birimlerde görev yapan akademik ve idari personellerin iç mekân bitki tercihlerinin, sahip oldukları iç mekân bitkilerine uyguladıkları bakım işlemlerinin belirlenmesidir. Bu kapsamda 382 adet akademik ve idari personellere ait ofis ziyaretinde bulunulmuş, ofis büyüklüleri lazer metre ile ölçülmüş, ofislerde bulunan iç mekân bitki türleri teşhis edilmiş ve birebir görüşmeler ile anket formu katılımcılara uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre Akdeniz Üniversitesi yerleşkesi içerisindeki örneklenen akademik ve idari personel ofislerinin büyüklüğü ortalama 19 m2 olup, sahip olunan iç mekân bitki ortalaması ise 2,3’dür. Katılımcıların gelir durumu, cinsiyetleri, görev yapmakta oldukları birimler (mesleki eğitimleri) ile ofislerde iç mekân bitkisi bulundurulması arasında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir sonuç bulunmuştur. Orkide ve kaktüs türlerinin ofislerde en çok tercih edilen türler olduğu belirlenmiştir. Katılımcıların çoğu, sahip oldukları türlere rutin bakım işlemlerinden sulama ve kurumuş dal/yaprakların uzaklaştırılmasını gerçekleştirdiklerini belirtmişlerdir. Katılımcılar ofislerinde makul sayıda iç mekân bitkisi varlığından memnuniyet duyduklarını ifade etmiştir. Ofislerde çok sayıda iç mekân bitkisinin varlığı, katılımcılarda gerginlik ve yorgunluk duygularına neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. İşgücü verimliliğini arttırmanın ve kurumsal stratejik hedeflere ulaşmanın en ucuz ve en etkili yöntemlerinden biri olan iç mekân bitkilerini gelecekte bina tasarımına ve yönetimine dâhil etmenin zorunlu hale getirilmesi akılcı bir çözüm olacaktır.

This research was conducted for 42 days, in order to determine the effects of fluctuate lighting program on production and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. 300 day old Ross 308 chicks were used. Chicks were randomly distributed to 2 lighting groups which were normal lighting (control) and fluctuate lighting, and each group was divided in to 3 replicates containing 50 chicks. For both groups lighting was arranged as 23 hours of lighting versus 1 hour of dimming. Control group was subjected to constant lighting of 20 lux/m2 for the days 0-21, and 5 lux/m2 for the days 22-42; while in the fluctuate lighting group was subjected to lighting of 5 lux/m2 for 45 minutes and additional 20 lux/m2 for 15 minutes every hour. There were no differences of final body weight, weekly body weight gain, cumulative feed intake, cumulative feed conversion ratio, viability, foot and leg problems, hot and cool carcass weight, thigh weight, breast weight, wing weight, back weight, liver or heart weights. However, there were statistically significant differences of gizzard weight and abdominal fat weight between two groups. In conclusion, gizzard and abdominal fat weights of broilers subjected to fluctuate lighting are less than control. This suggests that fluctuate lighting can be used to lower abdominal fat which is an important problem in broilers.

In this study, it was aimed to utilize artichoke leaf powder (

Passionflower is a member of Passifloraceae family, it can be used as medicinal and ornamental plants in addition to its consumption as fruit in the world. Guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruits, which has a rich nutrient content, are consumed both fresh and processed. Passionfruit and guava plants, which can only be cultivated in temperate southern coasts in our country, have gained commercial importance because of the fruits' export potential, high medical importance and nutrient. This study was carried out to determine the effects of some bioactivator applications on the criteria of sapling growth and development of passionflower and guava plants. The experiment was conducted between 2018-2019 under greenhouse conditions. Saplings obtained from seed germination in Akdeniz University Faculty of Agriculture Research and Experiment Area were used as plant material. 3 different commercial preparations called Messenger, Crop-set and ISR-2000 were used as bioactivators. Plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm) and number of leaves (number / plant) were measured weekly, in order to determine the effect of the applications on the growth and development of saplings. At the end of the study, it was determined that the highest average plant height (10.17 cm), stem diameter (13.53 mm) were obtained in ISR-2000 application. The highest average plant height (11.93 cm), stem diameter (16.44 mm) and number of leaves (9.07 units / plant) were obtained from Messenger application in guava plant. When the results obtained are evaluated, it is recommended that ISR-2000 bioactivator can be applied in passionflower sapling cultivation and Messenger bioactivator can be applied for guava sapling cultivation.

Fire blight disease caused by Erwinia amylovora can infect almost 140 plants of the Rosaceae family and poses a great threat to pome fruits growing all over the world. It needs amylovoran and Type III secretion systems (T3SS) to cause disease in host plants. AmsB, AmsD, AmsE, AmsF, AmsG, AmsJ, AmsI and AmsK proteins are involved in the binding of different galactose, glucuronic acid and pyruvyl subunits to the lipid carrier to form an amylovoran unit. T3SS proteins secreted by E. amylovora are HrpA HrpN, HrpW, AvrRpt2EA, HopC1 and DspA/E. DspA/E, the sole effector of E. amylovora, is secreted by during the formation of pilus T3SS. The chaperone protein of E. amylovora is DsB/F, which is in the IA class. EopB (outer membrane protein) has been characterized as one of the secretory proteins of E. amylovora. In addition to the harpins, the pathogenicity protein DspE and OrfB proteins are secreted via the Hrp-secretory system of E. amylovora. E. amylovora forms a Hrp pilus, which is produced by the structural protein HrpA. Genes encoding antimicrobial proteins cloned and expressed in apples and pears for impart resistance to the pathogen, attacin E are cecropins and lysozymes. The expression of PR2, PR5 and PR8 proteins is increased with E. amylovora infection in apple. Again, the HIPM protein in apples interacts with the E. amylovora HrpN protein, and the HIPM protein is found in higher amounts in flowers than leaves and shoots. In addition, four apple proteins (DIPMs) that interact with E. amylovora effector protein DspA/E have an effective role in endurance. In order to understand the interaction between the plant and the pathogen, it will be possible to understand the proteins that recognize the pathogen in the host, as well as the signal system and plant defense mechanism resulting from the infection. In this study, the roles of proteins associated with pathogenesis as a result of infection of E. amylovora in apples were tried to be revealed.

The studies on phage applications that provide successful results in biocontrol of foodborne pathogens and offer an environmentally friendly approach have been increasing today. Phages are viruses that can infect and kill the specific target bacterial cell. Salmonella is one of the most important pathogenic microorganisms that leading causes of food-borne illnesses called salmonellosis. Meat products especially chicken meat, fresh eggs, dairy products, ready-to-eat foods, seafood products and all kinds of contaminated food can be cause of salmonellosis. In this review, the phage application studies to control of Salmonella in food systems were summarized taking into account the research studied in recent years.

Erzincan Tulum cheese with its characteristic taste and aroma is one of the most preferred traditional cheese varieties are those from Turkey. Physical, chemical and microbiological changes that occur during ripening give the cheese characteristics. The characteristics of the Erzincan Tulum cheese are closely related to the geography in where it is produced and the human factors affecting each stage of the production method. However, the lack of a standard in production has prevented Erzincan Tulum cheese from achieving the economic value it deserves and could not provide sufficient contribution to the socio-economic development of the region. The most important reasons for this are the inadequacy of legislation and supervision, the lack of awareness of the Geographical Indication (GI) registration in the producer, and the fact that the institutions and organizations that register have not used GIs effectively, besides the technological reasons such as variety, quantity and microbiological quality of rennet used in cheese production, variability in milk quality, ripening conditions and durations vary, and the absence of a standard packaging material. In this review, the findings obtained from the researches related to technology, legislation, marketing and registration of Erzincan Tulum cheese which has a significant potential in terms of contribution to the economy of the region and country in which it is produced, are evaluated.

In the present world, climate change is a mass talked issue. Because of climate change, humans and animals are under the risk of threatening. The scientist has pointed out that main reasons for climate change are waste. Waste is generated from household chores and industries, factories etc. that are affecting the balance of the environment in many ways. This waste may be of various types such as solid, liquid, gaseous etc. Therefore, the study was taken to assess the chemical components contain in wastewater in Dinajpur Sadar, Bangladesh. This study was aimed to evaluate the chemical compositions of the generated wastewater including comparison with the groundwater. The data concerning to the rice mill waste water in Dinajpur, Bangladesh was obtained from individual field visits by interviewing with owner and worker in the rice mills. The wastewater samples were collected randomly from different rice mills. A laboratory experiment was performed to determine the chemical constituents of the wastewater sample. The wastewater contained of pH(6.11-6.18), EC(181.47-185.23 µScm-1), Na(26.19-28.89 mgl-1), Ca(45.41-51.26 mgl-1), Mg(47.12-49.8 mgl-10), K(184.7-191.3 mgl-1), TDS(45.94-47.96 mgl-1), HT(306.7-332.33 mgl-1), S(11.05-13.25 mgl-1), Cl-(522.45-526.182 mgl-1), HCO3-(5.12-6.99 mgl-1), DO(0.46-0.53 mgl-1), P(17.01-21.54 mgl-1). The obtained concentration of Ca, EC, pH, Na and HCO3- were within the reported range of groundwater in Dinajpur, Bangladesh. The concentration of Cl-, K, P, Mg and hardness in the wastewater were above the concentration of reported groundwater in Dinajpur, Bangladesh. On the other hand, the concentration of TDS in the wastewater was less than the reported concentration of groundwater in Dinajpur, Bangladesh.