The African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse) is a wild rodent in sub-Saharan Africa widely hunted as popular meat delicacy. Domestication of this rat has been poor, probably due to nutrition among other factors. Developmental studies of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum as well as investigations of diet-based structural modifications of the small intestine were carried out in the rats using neonates, juveniles and adults with the aim of providing useful research information which could lead to improved domestication. The mean body weights of the animals were 39.67±1.45 g, 225.00±25.00 g and 742.90±62.13 g, respectively for the neonate, juvenile and adult rats. Significant differences were also observed in the villus height, villus width and crypt depth between the neonates and juveniles, unlike between juvenile and adult rats. These changes in intestinal morphology between the neonate and juvenile rats could be a measure of the neonates’ adaptation to shifts from digestion of maternal milk to the consumption of solid and semisolid forages. Respectively for neonates, juvenile and adult rats, 188%, 228% and 30% increases in villus height for the duodenum, jejunum and ileum respectively, were observed. This is suggestive of larger surface area of the small intestine for digestion and absorption. This study elucidates the structural modifications of the small intestine which can be applied to dietary modifications in response to age in an effort to achieve a more successful domestication of the animal.

Eggs were coated with propolis in order to determine its effect on egg quality and total bacterial count. Effect of storage time prior to propolis coating was also studied. Eggs were obtained from a local farm, coated with 0, 3, 6 or 9% of propolis and stored at 4 ºC with a humidity of 75% for 30 days. A total of 18 eggs were used for egg quality traits and 6 eggs were chosen for microbial activity for each group. Bacteria were recovered with sterile cotton swabs from egg surfaces. Colonies with different morphology and color were detected. 11 bacterial species were determined following the characterization of 14 isolates. Elevated levels of bacterial counts were detected for daily eggs, which were significantly higher than those stored for 30 days. The quality traits of the daily eggs have also been found higher compared with the other groups. It was observed that coating the eggs with varying concentrations of propolis lead to significant differences in the total bacterial counts of the eggshells. Moreover, the egg quality traits which decreased with the increase in storage time have not been further affected with propolis coating.

The aim of this study is to determine the entrepreneurship potential of women, define the factors that lead rural women to become entrepreneurs in local markets and reveal the problems faced by rural women during their entrepreneurship activities. Alaçam ve Bafra districts of Samsun province were purposefully selected as research area where women entrepreneurs concentrated and the primary data were collected with face to face interviews with all women (total of 75) in the markets. According to the findings; women have stated that they started their career in the marketplace through the direction of their own decisions (32.0%). When the thoughts of doing business other than their profession were examined; they wanted to open a garment workplace (16.6%). 43.0% of marketers stated that they were satisfied with their profession and 54.0% of them perceived the market as permanent profession due to being a profitable business and raising their revenues. Three major obstacles for women entrepreneurs were defined as; limited or inadequate funds, professional insufficiency due to low formal educational level and lack of experience, respectively. Private loans can be provided to women entrepreneurs thus; it can increase their funds. Institutions and organizations, which provide active support, may also increase trainings devoted to women who have lack of experience.

The aim of this study was to determine the some serum minerals and their interactions between in 2, 3 and 4 years-old healthy Norduz (n=45) and Hair (n=31) goats raised in semi-intensive conditions. Mineral levels were determined with Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) in ppm level. Results were calculated as Fe 1.578±0.088 and 1.379±0.095 mmol/L, Cu 1.300±0.067 and 1.303±0.080 mg/L, Zn 0.972±0.029 and 0.937±0.029 mg/L, K 4.574±0.091 and 2.102±0.074 mmol/L, Mg 2.089±0.057 and 4.670±0.098 mmol/L, Mn 2.163±0.152 and 2.215±0.198 mg/L, Pb 0.078±0.005 and 0.087±0.006 mg/L for Norduz and Hair goats, respectively. While the differences in the mineral levels of hair goats were not significant, significant differences has been found between the age groups in terms of K, F and Pb in Norduz goats. In addition, while there was no statistically significant difference between 3-year-old goats, statistically significant differences hs been found for Fe and 2-year-old goats K and Mg in 4-year-old goats. Moreover, with respect to correlation coefficients, positive correlations were obtained both between K-Mg at Norduz goats and between Fe-Cu, Fe-K, Fe-Mg, K-Mg at Hair goats in all years-old groups.

This study was carried out in the greenhouses of Bursa Uludag University Yenişehir Ibrahim Orhan Vocational School in 2014-2015 to determine the effects of five different irrigation levels (T1: 100% (full irrigation), T2: 75%, T3: 50%, T4: 25%, T5: 0% (non-irrigated)) and two different fertilization levels (F1.0: 100% (100:100:100 NPK) fertigation and F0.5: 50% (50:50:50 NPK) fertigation on yield and quality parameters of okra grown under unheated greenhouse conditions. In 2014 and 2015, the amount of irrigation water in the study was applied as 0.0-380.0 mm and 0.0-360.0 mm for the 100% (100:100:100 NPK) fertilization and 50% (50:50:50 NPK) fertilization treatments, respectively. Evapotranspiration values were realized as 200.0-410.0 mm and 130.0-400.0 mm for 100% (100:100:100 NPK) and 50% (50:50:50 NPK) fertilization treatments in 2014, 185.0-425.0 mm and 200.0-450.0 mm in 2015, respectively. It was observed that irrigation water levels significantly affected the yield, fruit diameter, fruit length, 10 fruit weight, and number of fruits per plant and dry matter of okra. The highest yield averages for both years were obtained from T1F1.0 and T1F0.5 treatments were found to be 14.6-17.8 tons’ ha-1 and 16.8 -15.7 tons’ ha-1 in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Crop response factors (ky) of okra were found as 1.38-1.26 and 1.26-1.41 for 100% (100:100:100 NPK) fertilization and 50% (50:50:50 NPK) fertilization treatments in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The highest water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) values were calculated as 0.036-0.038 kg m-3 and 0.045-0.049 kg m-3 from T1F1.0 and T1F0.5 treatments in 2014 and 0.040-0.047 kg m-3 and 0.035-0.046 kg m-3 from same treatments (T1F1.0 and T1F0.5) in 2015, respectively. The highest T1F1.0 and T1F0.5 values were the closest values were obtained from T2F1.0 and T2F0.5 treatments therefore T2F1.0 and T2F0.5 treatments can be recommended for okra.

Kohlrabi, which has increased production in our country in recent years, is a vegetable with high water consumption. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different irrigation levels on plant and tuber growth and determine the appropriate irrigation level. In this study, vegetative growth and some tuber quality parameters of two different kohlrabi cultivars (Korist F1, Kolibri F1) at 4 different irrigation levels (I100 I75, I50, I25) were investigated. The experiment was carried out in unheated greenhouse as a pot experiment in April-June with three replicates and 10 plants per replicate. At the end of the experiment; number of leaves, leaf width (mm), leaf length (mm), tuber diameter (cm), tuber height (cm), tuber weight (g), tuber pH, total soluble solid content of the tuber and chlorophyll index were measured. The growth curves of the tubers were drawn and potassium (K), phosphorus (P) and sodium (Na) contents of the tubers were determined. In Kolibri F1, the highest tuber weight was obtained from the I75 irrigated plants with an average of 369.59 g. In Korist F1, the highest tuber weight was obtained from I100 applied plants with an average of 362.25 g. Especially in terms of tuber development, I100 has provided better results in water deficiency application. However, according to the results of the analysis, there was no statistically significant difference between I100 and I75 irrigation levels. It was determined that I75 irrigation level could be applied for kohlrabi cultivars in April-June cultivation period in Antalya conditions.

Resources efficiency in production is essential to support sustainable production. “X” Bakery is one of the bread small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Batu, East Java Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Sanitation Standard Operating Procedure (SSOP) in bread processing of SMEs production. This research used observation methods, interviews, and questionnaires. Respondents in this research are supervisors and employees of “X” Bakery. The results of this study indicated that the GMP implementation achieved 58.3% and SSOP of 52.3%, implying this industry had been standing under a minimum of 60%. This industry had poor qualified of GMP and SSOP. Five aspects of GMP have be fulfilled, namely the location and environment, production equipment, process control, food labelling, and product recall. Although, nine elements that have not met, namely buildings and facilities, water supply, sanitation facilities and activities, pest control, employee health, storage, supervision by the responsible person, employee documentation, and training. Furthermore, three aspects of SSOP have met, namely the prevention of cross-contamination, food protection, and labelling. There are five elements have not fulfilled SSOP criterias, namely the security of water, surface hygiene, sanitation facilities, and employee health control and pest prevention. The weakest indicator for each GMP and SSOP implementation are supervision and employee's health control respectively. Therefore, it was necessary to increase the employee's knowledge, the addition of supporting facilities, and production supervision to improve the implementation of GMP, SSOP, and sustainable production.

Sütün yağ globül boyutu, süt ürünlerinin kalitesini özellikle duyusal ve reolojik özelliklerini önemli ölçüde etkilemektedir. Bu sebeple pek çok süt ürününün üretiminde yağ globüllerini küçültmek amacıyla homojenizasyon işlemi uygulanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 4 farklı güçte (90W, 180W, 300W ve 400W) 15 dakika süreyle süte uygulanan ultrasonik homojenizasyon işleminin 150 bar basınçta tek kademeli klasik homojenizasyona ve 150/50 bar basınçta çift kademeli klasik homojenizasyona kıyasla yağ globül boyutuna ve homojenizasyon etkinliği üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Farklı metotlarla homojenize edilen süt örneklerinin homojenizasyon etkinlik değeri % olarak, lazer kırınımı prensibiyle çalışan cihazlarla Dv 0,99, Dv 0,90, Dv 0,50 hacimsel çap değerleri mikrometre (µm) olarak ve süt yağ globül boyutları nanometre (nm) olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca tüm süt örneklerinde yağ globüllerinin mikroskobik görüntülenmesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ultrason işleminin hem tek kademe hem de çift kademe klasik homojenizasyon işlemine göre süt yağ globül çaplarını küçültmede daha etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Uygulanan ultrason işleminin gücü arttıkça süt yağ globül çaplarını küçültme etkinliği de artmış ve yağ globül boyutundaki en fazla küçülme 400W 15 dakika ultrason uygulamasında saptanmıştır.

Tarafımızdan yürütülen çalışmalarda in vitro kültürlerde mezankimal kök hücreleri ve endotelyal hücre hatları kullanılarak suyun IC50 değeri tespit edilerek hücreler üzerindeki pozitif ve negatif etki dozları belirlenmektedir. Buradan elde edilen sonuçlara bağlı olarak, gerekli olması durumda tüm organizmadaki etkileri deney hayvanları üzerinde in vivo olarak incelenebilmektedir. Bu amaçla genç wistar sıçanları deney gruplarına (deney ve kontrol) ayrılarak, su ihtiyaçları 3 ila 6 ay süre ile çalışma alanından temin edilen su örnekleri ile karşılanmaktadır. Belirli zaman noktalarında her bir gruptaki deneklerden kan ve idrar numunesi alınarak rutin biyokimya analizleri ile hemogramı analizlenerek değişimler kaydedilmektedir. Ayrıca aylık periyotlarla örneklemdeki denekler sakrifiye edilerek endojen dokuların genel muayenesi yapılarak histolojik ve kimyasal analizler için karaciğer, böbrek ve kalp dokusundan örnekler alınmaktadır. Doku örneklerinin bir kısmı mikrodalga kullanılarak homojenizat haline getirilir ve element içeriğindeki değişimler ICP_OES ile tayin edilmektedir. Diğer kısmı ise %10’luk formaldehitte tespit edildikten sonra dondurarak kesit alma yöntemine göre 5 um’lik ince kesitleri alınarak histopatalojik olarak incelenmektedir. Bu çalışmalar göstermişti ki su analizlerinde kullanılan bilindik yöntemler çok kıymetli olsa da sitotoksik analiz yöntemiyle yapılan su kalitesi çalışması su kalitesinin direkt canlı doku üzerinde etkilerinin gözlenmesi açısından güvenilirlik sağlamaktadır. Sunulan çalışmada, sonuçlarının çarpıcılığı nedeniyle İncesu Havzasından alınan su numuneleri için yürütülen in vitro sitotoksisite çalışmaları örnek olarak verilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar ışığında in vitro sitotoksisite testlerinin rutin su kalitesi analizlerine eklenmesi gerektiği önerilmektedir.

The aim of the study was to determine the fertility traits of the Kangal Akkaraman sheep in Yildizeli and Central districts of Sivas. In this study, six years data obtained from breeders between 2013 and 2018 were used in National Animal Improvement Project coordinated by the Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. In the first year of the study, 70 enterprises in 48 villages from both districts included in the projects and these were reduced to 57 enterprises in 33 villages in the sixth year. During the six-year period, 86116 lamb records obtained from a total of 76383 ewes in all enterprises were evaluated. Overall average birth rate was 92.7%. While the differences between years were statistically significant, differences between districts were not significant. Thetriplet births were also observed but they were not evaluated separately because of their low rate (0.1%), so they were included in twin births and evaluated as twins. The average twin birth rate was 22% and differences between years, districts and mating periods (five months between August and December) were significant for that. Overall average weaned lamb rate or the survival rate of the weaning period was 91.3% and differences according to years, districts and lambing periods (five months between January and May) were statistically significant for that. According to the values obtained from 5147 lamb records that were born from 4242 ewes of known age in a sub-project of year 2013; the ages (1-10) of sheep were found to have an effect on the birth type, while it was found to be statistically insignificant for the survival rate. According to the results of the research, it would be useful to take into account the factors that increase fertility in order to maximize profitability in the study area and enterprises with similar conditions.