In this study, the chemical constituents of Origanum onites, Salvia officinalis and Lavandula officinalis plants belonging to Lamiaceae family grown by conventional and organic methods were determined by soxhlet extraction. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method was used to determine the chemical constituents of conventionally and organically grown plant samples. When the results of the analyses were examined, out of 97 chemical components of Salvia officinalis plant, 50 components were determined from plants grown with conventional farming methods and 78 components were determined from plants grown with organic farming methods. Of the 38 components detected in Origanum onites, 36 components were determined from plants grown with conventional farming methods and 38 components were determined from plants grown with organic farming methods. Out of 60 components of Lavandula officinalis, 40 components were determined from plants grown with conventional farming methods and 60 components were determined from plants grown with organic farming methods. In terms of chemical structure, the components are divided into different classes as hydrocarbons, monoterpenes, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenes, diterpenoids, fatty acids and derivatives, and phenolic compounds.

This study investigated the effects of different processing techniques and sol-gel coating on the physical properties of biocomposite material. Two dispersion series from corn starch, clay, and sorbitol were prepared by conventional and microwave-assisted processing, and casting technique. One film from each series was sol-gel coated by immersion. All the samples were subjected to moisture content (MC), water solubility (WS), water absorption (WA), FT-IR, DSC, and SEM/digital microscopy tests. The results showed that the coated films contained higher MC (11.5±0.5%) than the non-coated films (5.3±0.6%) and absorbed less water (44.7±12.4%), compared to the non-coated ones (166.3±2.5%). Non-coated films exhibited less solubility in water (26.1±0.2%) than the coated ones (51.0±0.7%). FT-IR test detected cross-linking (1723 cm-1 ester) in the microwave-assisted coated film. The sol-gel coating increased the latent heat of melting and specific heat values by 14.9% and 19.4% for conventionally fabricated samples, and 22.3% and 25.3% for microwaved films, respectively, whereas it reduced the temperature of melting by 23.1% for conventionally fabricated ones, and 6.6% for microwaved ones. Microscopic tests revealed that microwaved compact morphology indicated better gelatinization of starch. Overall, microwaving and sol-gel coating need further investigation to improve the physical properties of biocomposite materials for food packaging.

Radish is a widely cultivated root crop susceptible to chemicals for its growth and development. The experiment was conducted to study the effect of different sources of organic fertilizers on growth and yield parameters in the Tokinashi variety of radish. The experiment was laid out using one factorial completely randomized block design with six treatments replicated four times. Vermicompost, goat manure, chemical fertilizers (NPK), poultry manure, farmyard manure and control were the applied treatments. Various growth and yield parameters of radish were measured and assessed at 15-day intervals. Various growth and yield parameters of radish were measured and assessed at 15-day intervals. Growth parameters were observed at 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after sowing. For yield parameters, destructive samples were taken and observed at 30 DAS and 45 DAS and harvested at 60 DAS. The assessments of plant growth and yield parameters showed that poultry manure (PM) treatments were superior. At the time of harvesting, the treatment comprising poultry manure had considerably greater plant height (30.55 cm), leaf length (29.44cm), leaf breadth (10.78cm), leaf number per plant (9.23), root diameter (10.33cm) and root length (20.16cm) with superior yield per ha (33.59 mt ha-1). Poultry manure significantly enhanced root yield and was positively correlated with all growth parameters. The highest benefit-cost (B: C) ratio was recorded in chemical fertilizer (3.99), which was statistically at par with poultry manure (3.81), suggesting that poultry manure might potentially replace chemical fertilizers for the Tokinashi variety of radish cultivation.

In the present study, 47 PMEI type 1 genes and 57 PMEI type 2 genes were identified with bioinformatic analysis. The PMEI genes were localized separately on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21 and 22, but mainly at the level of the scaffold. The biological functions of the PMEI type 1 genes were found to be in the areas of biological regulation, metabolism and cellular functions. Their cellular localization appears to be associated with cell parts. For the PMEI type 2 genes, the biological functions were determined as biological regulation, metabolic and cellular functions. A total of 393 Arabidopsis miRNAs targeting 47 olive PMEI type 1 genes were identified. Two specific miRNAs targeting the OePMEI1-07 gene were found (ath-miR8168 and ath-miR774b-5p). For the PMEI type 2 genes, 269 Arabidopsis miRNAs were found, including 14 specific miRNAs targeting OPMEI2-02, OPMEI2-03, OPMEI2-27, OPMEI2-28, OPMEI2-29, OPMEI2-30, OPMEI2-40 and OPMEI2-54. These results suggest that PMEI genes in olives may not only play a role in cell development, germ cell formation and plant growth, but also play an important role in abiotic and biotic stress conditions in the olive.

A survey was conducted in three selected kebeles of Kombolcha Regiopolitan City in South Wollo Zone. The selected kebeles were in proximity to brewery factory, Ethiopia. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect perception data from purposively selected three kebeles and a total of 57 randomly selected dairy farmers. Data collected  were analyzed with a statistical package for social sciences (Version 20) and Microsoft Excel (2010). Smallholder dairy farmers had average herd size of 10.7 and 0.08 hectare total dairy farm per household. Average daily milk yield and lactation length of dairy cows was 10.8 liter/day and 9.5 months, respectively. The majority of farmers (59.6%) reared dairy cows with 50-75% exotic blood. The most smallholder dairy farmers satisfied their feed demand from the market and had a trend of providing both dense and poor quality affordable feed ingredients. Smallholder dairy farmers gave priority to feed different kind of cattle in the order of lactating cows, calve, pregnant, heifers and dry cows and used (100%) wet brewery spent grain as a source of dairy feed. Though, there was a brewery by-product supply deficit for  half of year. The majority smallholder dairy farmers delivered brewery by-product directly from the brewery factories and followed by wholesalers and retailers. The majority of smallholder dairy farmers (96.4%) stated that the brewery spent grain was fed and stored freshly using different conservation techniques, and the remaining stored in ensiled (1.8%) and dried (1.8%) forms. Smallholder dairy farmers had no brewery spent grain ensiling practice and feeding brewery yeast to dairy animals. Smallholder dairy farmers indicated that high price due to abnormal market chain and shortage of brewery spent grain supply were the major challenges to sustain dairy industry in the study area, and the majority (40.6%) claimed to get swift solutions at high cost and less accessible brewery by-product.

One of the most crucial elements influencing the efficacy of artificial insemination applications is semen quality. It is known that post-thaw semen quality was affected by thawing method. Errors made during the thawing process can compromise the motility, viability, morphology and DNA integrity of spermatozoa after thawing. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of four distinct thawing procedures on post-thaw semen quality in bulls. The first group was designated as 24°C (n=8); the straws in this group were thawed in a water bath at 24°C for 60 seconds. Second group was designated as 32°C (n=8); the straws in this group were thawed in a water bath at 32°C for 60 seconds. Third group was designated as 38°C (n=8); the straws in this group were thawed in a water bath at 38°C for 30 seconds. And the fourth group was designated as 70°C (n=8); the straws in this group were thawed in a water bath at 70°C for 7 seconds. Following the thawing process, motility, sperm morphology, viability, and DNA damage rate in spermatozoa were evaluated. Results showed that in 32°C group and 24°C group sperm motility significantly decreased when compared to 70°C and 38°C groups. Additionally, the 24°C group exhibited a significantly elevated DNA damage rate compared to the 70°C group, while no differences were observed in the other groups. In conclusion, the most ideal thawing procedures are at 70°C for 7 seconds and at 38°C for 30 seconds are recommended to get optimum sperm quality from frozen bull semen after thawing.

Many allelopathic crops are cultivated in agricultural fields, and these plants can influence the growth of other plants in the cultivation environment with their phytotoxic compounds. One of these plants is the faba bean. In this study conducted under the ecological conditions of Sakarya/Arifiye, the allelopathic effects of Eresen-87, Salkim, Bilecik, and Sakarya faba bean genotypes on weeds such as Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense L.), curly dock (Rumex crispus L.), purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) were investigated. Weed seeds used in the experiment were collected from agricultural fields in the Sakarya province. Extracts from dried plant parts of faba bean genotypes were prepared and applied to petri dishes containing weed seeds at concentrations of 5% and 10%, with four replications. At the end of the research, it was observed that all faba bean genotypes at all application doses caused a decrease in germination rate (%), root length (cm), and shoot length (cm) parameters in the four weed species tested. The best results were determined as Eresen-87 and Bilecik at 10% concentration. When the activities of fresh and dry extracts of faba bean genotypes was compared, it was determined that dry application had a higher allelopathic effect.

This study examines the problems arising from that the agricultural sector has become a significant employment area for migrant labor due to migrant migration. The presence of migrant labor in the agricultural sector has increased because of the cost advantages provided by agricultural operators of cheap labor supply despite informal working conditions. Migrant labor has crucial contributions to the sustainability of production activities, especially in the agricultural sector, where the local labor does not want to be employed. However, the perspective of local people toward migrants differs over time, especially due to different social and cultural characteristics. Since these differences are more noticeable in small settlements, such as rural areas people who are migrant to society or national identity become unwanted in the living spaces of local people over course of time, this study aimed to determine the perspective toward migrant labor and to evaluate the impact of this situation on the sustainability of production. In line with the results obtained, policy recommendations were made for the integration of migrant labor and the planning of agricultural activities.

Bu çalışma, fındık tarım işletmelerinin ekonomik sürdürülebilirliğini ve sürdürülebilirliği etkileyen faktörleri belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmanın ana materyalini 2021 yılında, 380 fındık üreticisi ile yüz yüze yapılan anketlerden elde edilen veriler oluşturmaktadır. Fındık tarım işletmelerinin sosyo-ekonomik özelliklerinin karşılaştırılmasında tek yönlü Varyans analizi ve Kruskal Wallis testi analiz yöntemlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Ekonomik sürdürülebilirliği etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesinde çoklu doğrusal regresyon modelinden faydalanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda fındık tarım işletmelerinin ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik endeksi ortalaması 0,48 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Trabzon (0,37), Giresun (0,43) ve Ordu (0,46) illerindeki işletmeler ortalamanın altında ekonomik sürdürülebilirliğe; Samsun (0,58), Sakarya (0,61) ve Düzce (0,64) illerindeki fındık işletmeleri ise ortalamanın üstünde ekonomik sürdürülebilirliğe sahiptirler. İşletmelerin ekonomik sürdürülebilirliğini çiftçinin yaşı negatif; eğitim süresi, hanehalkı büyüklüğü, köyde ikamet etme, tarımsal örgütlere üyelik, fındık verimi ve satış fiyatı pozitif etkilemektedir. Çiftçilerin bilgi düzeylerinin artırılmasına yönelik eğitim çalışmaları yapılması, kırsal göçü önleyici politikaların uygulanması ve verim artışına yönelik yayım çalışmalarının gerçekleştirilmesi ekonomik sürdürülebilirliğe katkı sağlayacaktır.

Araştırma, Amasya İli Damızlık Manda Yetiştiricileri Birliği üyesi olan 69 üretici ile yüz yüze gerçekleştirilen anket verilerine dayanmaktadır. Anket sonuçlarına göre, manda işletme sahiplerinin yaygın olarak ürettikleri kaba yemler %26,1 oranında silaj ve yonca, %20,3 oranında fiğ, %10,1 oranında ise yonca ve fiğdir. Kaba yemler arasında en çok kullanılanlar ise kuru ot, kuru yonca, saman ve silajdır (%36,1). Manda yetiştiricileri genellikle kendi kaba yemlerini üreterek maliyetlerini düşürmeyi tercih etmektedir (%65,2). Yetiştiriciler, mandaların beslenmesinde çoğunlukla kesif yem olarak fabrika yemi kullanmakta olup, yetiştiricilerin %59,4’ü fabrika yemi teminini fabrikalardan sağlamaktadır. Besleme sistemleri yemleme ve mera kullanımının bir birleşiminden oluşmaktadır (%100). Mandalar genellikle günde iki kez beslenmekte (%72,5) ve bu beslemenin %56,5’i sağımdan önce yapılmaktadır. Mandalara çoğunlukla (%68,1) günde 5 kg’dan az kesif yem verilmektedir. Mandalar genellikle Nisan ayında (%85,5) meraya çıkarılmakta ve Kasım ayında (%71) tekrar ahıra alınmaktadır. Mandalarda sağım genellikle günde iki kez (%68,1) yapılırken, sağım öncesi meme temizliği %50,7 oranında gerçekleştirilmekte, sağım sonrası meme temizliği ise genellikle yapılmamaktadır (%91,3). Üretilen sütün %92,8’i satılmakta, süt çoğunlukla plastik bidon ve güğümlerde (%56,5) depolanmaktadır. Hayvan satışı bakımından, damızlık dışı dişiler genellikle 36 aydan sonra (%95,7) satılmaktadır. İshal (%56,5) en yaygın görülen hastalık olup hastalık durumunda çoğunlukla (%95,7) veteriner hekim çağırmaktadır. Düvelerin tohumlanması genellikle 20 ile 30 aylık yaş aralığında (%89,9) gerçekleşmektedir. Anket sonuçlarına göre, malak ölümleri nadiren görülmekte olup (%1,4), en fazla görülen hastalık ishaldir (%56,5).