Tomato is one of the most important agricultural crops in the World and many biotic stresses exist affecting its production. Parasitic weeds in particular are important in tomato production, causing billions of dollars in losses. Although the problem is serious and widespread, control methods are restricted, relying mostly on chemicals with negative effects on the environment and human health. In this regard, biotechnological methods are gaining importance, especially non-coding RNAs. Even though not the full potential of non-coding RNAs is understood fully, they hold the potential to provide wide range of applications such as plant breeding, development of novel types of pesticide, and determination of gene function. Therefore, with new technology and new approaches the use of non-coding RNAs has a potential that can be a powerful alternative to deal with parasitic weed. In this review article, it was mainly focused on the mechanism of non-coding RNAs, their transfer mechanisms, potential usage areas and the possible role in plant breeding. Given these challenges, the role of ncRNAs in tomato improvement deserves closer attention, as outlined in this review.

The storage of agricultural products particularly cereals is becoming increasingly great interest worldwide. Preserving the quality of stored products is possible through precise control of the internal environmental conditions of storage facilities. In the literature, most studies on cereal storage structures have focused on the physiological and microbiological characteristics of the products. However, engineering-based structural elements such as heat transfer, ventilation efficiency, and material properties have not been adequately addressed. This study therefore, aimed to examine comprehensively the heat flow during the winter season in storage structures with different structural characteristics, specifically focusing on heat losses (through structural elements and ventilation) and heat gains resulting from the metabolic activity of the stored products. In this context, 72 different storage units from 30 enterprises were grouped based on material properties (reinforced concrete and steel construction). The analysis revealed that the calculated thermal conductivity of steel silos (2.62 kcal/m²h°C) was found significantly higher by comparison to reinforced concrete silos (1.69 kcal/m²h°C). Although reinforced concrete silos required higher ventilation rates, steel silos demonstrated better overall ventilation performance across all product types. In examined winter heat balance, ventilation efficiency varied significantly depending on the building material and the type of stored product. In this regard, steel silos were found to be approximately twice as efficient as reinforced concrete silos in terms of thermal performance. Especially for cereals with high respiration rates (e.g., maize), storing them in steel silos providing more effective ventilation was considered a more suitable solution.

Bu çalışmada, farklı sıcaklık (175ºC ve 200ºC) ve baharat konsantrasyonlarında (%0, %0,5 ve %1) Airfryer teknolojisi kullanılarak pişirilen köftelerin çeşitli kalite parametreleri ile mineral içeriği üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Örnekler ayrıca pH, pişirme kaybı, L*, a*, b* gibi bazı nitel özellikler açısından da analiz edilmiştir. Baharat konsantrasyonu ve sıcaklık arttıkça pH ve pişirme kaybı değerleri önemli düzeyde (P<0,01) artmıştır. Ayrıca baharat konsantrasyonu ve sıcaklık parametreleri renk (L*, a* ve b*) değerlerini etkilemiştir. Baharat konsantrasyonu ve pişirme sıcaklığı genellikle mineral içeriklerinde önemli (P<0,01) değişikliklere neden olmuştur. Örneklerin mineral içerikleri 0,19 ile 1924,68 mg/kg arasında değişmiş olup, en yüksek belirlenen mineral fosfor (P) olmuştur. Ayrıca örneklerin mineral içeriklerinin sıralaması P>Na>Zn>Fe>Mn şeklindedir. Özellikle Na, Mn ve Fe gibi minerallerin miktarı baharat ilavesiyle artarken, Zn ve P değerlerinde düşüşler ile sıcaklığa bağlı değişiklikler gözlenmiştir. Baharat konsantrasyonu ve pişirme sıcaklığının birlikte değerlendirildiği durumda ise tüm minerallerde önemli farklılıklar saptanmıştır. Baharat konsantrasyonu ve 175°C pişirme sıcaklığı, hem besin değerleri hem de mineral içerikleri açısından dengeli bir tercih olabilir.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the heterofermentative Lactobacillus brevis (MF098783) strain on the fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability, chemical and microbiological composition, and in vitro digestibility of wheat straw silage. Wheat straw was ensiled with three different concentrations of L. brevis (10⁶, 10⁸, and 10⁹ cfu/g), forming the treatment groups (WSLB6, WSLB8, WSLB9), and these were compared with a control group (WS). A total of 64 silage samples were fermented under anaerobic conditions for 90 days. After fermentation, physical (pH, temperature, color), chemical (DM, CP, EE, CF, ADF, NDF, etc.), microbiological (LAB, yeast, mold), energy, and in vitro digestibility parameters (IVOMD, GP, ME, NEL) were analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test with SAS software. The L. brevis inoculation significantly reduced the pH values of the silages (P<0.001), indicating improved fermentation quality. The WSLB6 and WSLB8 groups showed increased crude protein and ether extract contents, and significantly lower ADF, ADFom, and crude fiber values (P<0.05–0.001) compared to the control. These groups also demonstrated higher metabolizable energy (ME), net energy (NEL, NEM), and in vitro digestibility. Microbiological analyses revealed reduced yeast counts and no mold growth in the inoculated groups, whereas the control had higher yeast levels. Post-aerobic stability assessments confirmed better preservation and microbial control in WSLB6 and WSLB8, reflected by lower pH and yeast counts. In conclusion, Lactobacillus brevis inoculation, particularly at 10⁶ and 10⁸ cfu/g concentrations, significantly enhanced the fermentation quality, nutritional value, and digestibility of wheat straw silage. These findings suggest that L. brevis holds strong biotechnological potential as a silage additive for enhancing feed quality and supporting sustainable livestock production.

Bu çalışmada Denizli, Mersin ve Mardin’de geleneksel yöntemle üretilmiş üzüm pekmezleri ile Şanlıurfa, Afyonkarahisar ve Malatya’da endüstriyel yöntemle üretilen üzüm pekmezleri olmak üzere 6 adet üzüm pekmezi çalışmanın materyalini oluşturmuştur. Pekmezlerin fizikokimyasal ve duyusal özellikleri incelenmiş, geleneksel ve endüstriyel yöntemlerle üretilen pekmezler hem kendi aralarında hem de diğer araştırmacıların sonuçları ile karşılaştırılmış aynı zamanda standartlara uygunluğu araştırılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları pH 4,83-5,45, suda çözünür kuru madde (briks) %68,2-76,8, kül miktarı %0,35-2,19, titrasyon asitliği %0,15-0,90, viskozite 90,40-157,15 (mPa.s), karbon izotop oranı %–13,62-%–24,47, hidroksimetil furfural (HMF) 16,63-394,31 (mg/kg), renk L*= 18,91-32,20, a*= –0,19-0,71 ve b*= 0,57-1,41, olarak tespit edilmiştir. Duyusal analiz sonucunda ise endüstriyel üretim yöntemi ile üretilen 4-E.Ü. etiketli üzüm pekmezi diğer pekmezlerden daha üstün özellikte bulunmuştur.

A study was conducted from February to May 2024 at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) pot yard in Mymensingh, Bangladesh, using a completely randomized design with four replications. The study aimed to assess the effects of different levels of water stress on seed yield and key physiological traits across five soybean genotypes. Five soybean genotypes (Binasoybean-7, SBM-15, SBM-22, SCM-5, and SCM-11) and three levels of water deficiency (control: no water deficiency, water deficiency 40%, and 60% field capacity) were imposed at the pre-flowering stage and continued until physiological maturity. Plant height, branch density, total dry mass, leaf nitrate reductase activity, pod and flower output, seed yield per pod, harvest index, and seed yield per plant were all significantly reduced across all five genotypes as the stress level increased due to dryness. The chlorophyll and total sugar levels in leaves across all five genotypes increased with the increasing rate of drought. Drought stress significantly decreased the rate of photosynthesis in leaves. Among the five studied genotypes, only the Binasoybean-7 variety shown superior performance under drought stress circumstances for morphological, physiological, and yield-contributing parameters. Therefore among the five genotypes Binasoybean-7 could be used as genetic material for developing more drought-tolerant soybean varieties.

This study employed Akkaraman sheep aged between 2 and 6 years, with a live weight ranging from 53 to 68 kg, sourced from four farms. Three of these farms utilized the same pasture, while the fourth employed a different one. The pastures where the sheep were grazed were categorized as either poor (Group I) or medium (Group II, III and IV) quality. For estrus synchronization, intravaginal progesterone (P4) impregnated sponges were inserted into ewes in Groups I and II for 9 days during the breeding season, taking into account the ram availability in the facility. PGF2α was administered 2 days before the removal of the sponge and 500 IU PMSG was administered after removal. In Group III, where flushing was applied, barley was given at a rate of 300 g/day per head. In group IV, no treatment was applied. Estrus detection was performed using teaser rams, and then ewes were kept with fertile rams in the same environment. The reproductive performance metrics of ewes across experimental groups were assessed, revealing notable variations. Ewe estrus rates were consistently high, ranging from 88.0% to 98.3%, with Group II exhibiting the highest rate. Similarly, parturition rates ranged from 74.5% to 97.7%, with Group II showing the highest rate. Twin births varied substantially, with Group III displaying the highest rate at 66.4% compared to 11.8% in Group I. Litter size ranged from 1.06 to 1.25. Group III exhibited a higher number of ewes that did not give birth. In both Group II and Group III, superior results were achieved across all parameters checked except for litter size. In Groups I and IV, the infertility rate was higher than in the other groups. However, the litter size of Group IV was still higher than Group I. If flushing is applied together with P4-based synchronization to ewes grazing on medium-quality pasture, fertility should be expected to improve significantly. In this study, the comparison was made between the effects of pasture on fertility with P4 application, and the effects of P4 and flushing on fertility in farms utilizing the same pasture.

The consumption of edible oils in Sri Lanka coupled with quality and potential health risk by highlighting the need for systematic evaluation. Olive Oil (OO), Sunflower Oil (SO), Palm Oil (PO), Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), White Coconut Oil (WCO), and Soy Oil (SoO) are six different types of fast-moving edible oils in the Sri Lankan market. This study was intended to evaluate the parameters of physicochemical including free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide value (PV), color, viscosity and the specific gravity of aforesaid oils including 20 randomly selected oil brands (three brands OO, three brands SO, four brands PO, five brands VCO, three brands WCO, and two brands SoO) at the time of purchasing from the market. For OO, PV ranged from 4.47±0.13 meq/kg to 7.47±0.05 meq/kg, and FFA from 0.38±0.03% to 0.52±0.06%. All the brands met the Sri Lankan Standard (SLS)for peroxide value (PV) and the free fatty acid (F(FA). SO showed PV values between 7.67±4.43 to 14.80±8.54 meq/kg, and FFA between 0.46±0.07% and 0.86±0.18%, with some brands failing to meet the SLS standard. PO samples ranged from 8.47±0.27 to 11.13±1.43 meq/kg for PV and 0.25±0.03% to 0.36±0.07% for FFA, with mixed compliance to SLS limits. VCO showed PV from 2.27±0.13 to 4.20±0.31 meq/kg and FFA from 0.20±0.06% to 0.32±0.03%, while some brands failing to meet the SL standard. WCO and SoO brands had significant variations, especially in FFA. In conclusion, olive oil (OO) demonstrated superior quality compared to other edible oils evaluated in this study, as the other oil types showed considerable variation within each category and deviated from SL standards.

This study aims to evaluate the current and future potential distribution areas of Olea europaea L. (olive), one of the characteristic species of the Mediterranean climate, in the context of climate change in Türkiye. Olive is a strategic species that attracts attention with its high economic value and ecological contributions as a non-wood forest product. However, global climate change leads to significant changes in the phenology, yielding the potential and suitability of this species due to stressful factors such as increasing temperatures, drought and extreme weather events. In this context, the MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) species distribution model was used based on high-resolution CHELSA climate data to analyze the environmental variables affecting the distribution of the species and to model the potential distribution areas under different climate scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0, SSP5-8.5) for the year 2100. The success of the model was confirmed with high AUC values (training: 0.917; testing: 0.911), and the most effective variables were elevation, annual mean temperature (BIO1), precipitation seasonality (BIO15) and terrain roughness. The findings indicate that olives may lose their potential distribution areas in traditional coastal zones in the future, while gaining new suitable areas at higher elevations and in more northerly regions. Especially in the SSP5-8.5 scenario, while the suitability areas on the Mediterranean and Aegean coasts narrowed because of increasing temperatures, shifts towards the Black Sea coasts and inland regions were detected. The results obtained are consistent with similar studies in literature and point out the necessity of re-planning future production strategies in terms of olive cultivation with a climate adaptation perspective. In this context, it is suggested to develop multidimensional approaches that integrate not only climatic but also soil, water, biotic interactions and socioeconomic factors.

Bu derleme çalışması, broylerde et kalitesini etkileyen biyolojik, genetik ve çevresel faktörleri bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla değerlendirmiştir. Et kalitesi; görünüm, doku, lezzet, su tutma kapasitesi ve pişirme kaybı gibi tüketici odaklı fiziksel ve duyusal özelliklerin toplamı olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Genetik seleksiyonla elde edilen hızlı büyüme potansiyeli, hipertrofik kas gelişimini destekleyerek odunsu göğüs (Wooden Breast), beyaz çizgilenme (White Striping) ve PSE (Pale, Soft, Exudative) et gibi kas patolojilerinin görülme sıklığını artırmaktadır. Kas lif tipleri, çapı ve histolojik özellikleri etin renk, pH ve su tutma kapasitesi gibi kalite parametreleriyle yakından ilişkilidir. Bununla birlikte, hızlı büyüme kas içi bağ doku yoğunluğunu, kapiller damarlaşmayı azaltmakta; oksidatif kapasite ve mitokondri fonksiyonlarını olumsuz yönde etkileyebilmektedir. Çevresel faktörler de önemli rol oynamakta; inkübasyon koşulları, barınak sistemi seçimi, kesim öncesi stres ve içme suyundaki mineraller kas yapısı ve et kalitesi üzerinde uzun vadeli etkiler yaratmaktadır. Bu nedenle, genetik seleksiyonda kas lifi sayısını artırmaya yönelik stratejiler, oksidatif kas gelişimini destekleyen beslenme yaklaşımları, inkübasyon optimizasyonu ve stres azaltıcı yönetim uygulamaları önerilmektedir. Beslenme bağlamında, amino asit profili, enerji düzeyi ve fonksiyonel katkılar karkas kalitesi üzerinde belirleyici olup, böcek bazlı proteinler, amarant tohumu gibi alternatif kaynaklar kas gelişimini desteklemektedir. Ayrıca in ovo besleme ve enzim katkıları sindirimi artırırken, probiyotikler, mikroalgler ve bitkisel ekstraktlar bağışıklık ve bağırsak sağlığını iyileştirmektedir. Sonuç olarak, broyler et kalitesinin sürdürülebilir iyileştirilmesi için çok yönlü, entegre ve bilimsel temelli besleme ve yönetim stratejileri uygulanmalıdır.