The aim of this study is to examine the essential oil ratios and components of fresh and dried peppermint leaves cultured in Kırşehir ecological conditions. To obtain essential oil from the leaves of the peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), it was subjected to hydrodistillation for 3 hours using a Clevenger type apparatus. GC-MS analysis was performed with the Shimadzu QP2010-Ultra GC-MS system. Relative percentages of separated compounds were calculated from total ion chromatograms. Identification of the components of peppermint essential oil was based on Wiley and NIST mass spectral library. The essential oil percentages obtained from fresh and dried peppermint leaves were determined as 0.84% ​​and 2.6%, respectively. The major components of the essential oil of fresh Mentha piperita L. leaves were determined as menthol (43.28%), menthone (19.68%), eucalyptol (7.60%), pulegone (3.41%), β-Caryophyllene (2.10%), Germacrene-D (1.82%) and veridifluorol (1.1%). The major components of the essential oil of dried peppermint leaves were determined as menthol (45.95%), menthone (19.00%), eucalyptol (8.06%), pulegone (2.23%), β-Caryophyllene (2.72%), Germacrene-D (2.21%) and veridiflorol (0.81%). The highest essential oil ratio, the highest menthol and the highest menthone ratio were obtained from dried peppermint leaves. Results, it was determined that there were significant differences between the essential oil ratios and components of dried and fresh leaf peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) cultivated in Kırşehir ecological conditions.

The yellow spot disease of Pleurotus ostreatus, caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas tolaasii, poses a threat to both the yield and quality of oyster mushrooms due to the limited availability of effective bactericides and the insufficient comprehensive safety assessments for the chemicals applied in the field. In this study, we performed greenhouse toxicity tests to identify highly effective bactericides against P. tolaasii, while simultaneously assessing their safety for P. ostreatus. Subsequently, we verified the field efficacy of the selected bactericide and its impact on mushroom yield through field experiments. Additionally, we established detection methods for the selected highly effective and safe bactericides in P. ostreatus and measured their residue levels during the evaluation. Our findings indicated that kasugamycin and seboctylamine acetate displayed potent inhibitory effects against P. tolaasii. The field application results showed that 1.8% seboctylamine acetate AS with concentrations of 3 mg/L exhibited good disease control, achieving 83.00%, which is comparable to the efficacy of the registered kasugamycin. Furthermore, the application of seboctylamine acetate did not adversely affect the yield of P. ostreatus, and the detected chemical residues were below the maximum residue limit. Seboctylamine acetate is anticipated to serve as a viable substitute for the currently registered fungicides, holding the promise of offering comparable or superior performance while potentially addressing concerns related to environmental impact and sustainability.

Proteinler, insan yaşamı için vazgeçilmez olan vücudun temel yapı taşı olan organik bileşiklerdir. Yüksek kaliteli proteinler genellikle hayvansal kaynaklardan elde edilmektedir. Ancak, kıtlık ve olası gıda krizleri nüfusun artması gibi küresel sorunlar, hayvansal gıdalara erişimi giderek zorlaştırmaktadır. Bu durum, alternatif protein kaynaklarına olan ilgiyi artırmıştır. Bu bağlamda yenilebilir böcekler besin açısından zengin bileşimleriyle dünya çapında dikkat çekmektedir. Fonksiyonel beslenme ilkeleriyle uyumlu olan bu protein kaynakları, sürdürülebilir ve yenilikçi bir çözüm olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, un haline getirilmiş çekirgelerin yaygın olarak tüketilen kurabiyelere eklenmesinin, ürünün besin değerleri, duyusal özellikleri (tat, koku, görünüm, doku) ve tüketici kabulü üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Deney grubunda, standart tarif kullanılarak hazırlanan kurabiyelere %5’i oranında çekirge tozu eklenmiştir. Yapılan laboratuvar analizleri, çekirge unu ile zenginleştirilmiş kurabiyelerin kontrol grubuna kıyasla renk, kuru madde ve kül içeriğinde değişiklikler gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. İki grubu karşılaştırmak amacıyla, 20 panelistin katılımıyla bir duyusal analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir. Duyusal analiz sonuçları, çekirge unu ile zenginleştirilmiş kurabiyelerin tat, koku ve görünüm açısından olumlu karşılandığını göstermiştir. Tat ve koku gibi duyusal özelliklerde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıklar belirlenirken, diğer özellikler açısından önemli bir fark bulunmamıştır. Çalışmanın bulguları, çekirge tozunun işlevsel bir bileşen olarak potansiyelini vurgulamakta ve yenilikçi gıda ürünlerinin kabul edilebilirliğini değerlendirmede duyusal analizlerin önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu araştırma, özellikle böcek bazlı diyetleri benimsemeye çekinen toplumlarda, beslenme eksikliklerini gidermeye ve sürdürülebilir protein kaynaklarını teşvik etmeye katkıda bulunmaktadır.

To face climate change, searching for alternative crops resistant to drought and heat stress becomes necessary, along with efficient germplasm management. Old landraces well-adapted to local climatic conditions, pests, and pathogens could be used as a source of desired traits. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), grown mainly in the tropical and subtropical areas, presents superior drought and heat stress adaptation compared to other legumes. Limited information is available on field performance and nutrient qualities of cowpea landraces originating from southern Bulgaria. The aim of the present study was to compare in field conditions and their impacts on plant performance, yield, and the seed biochemical composition of Bulgarian cowpea accessions, including fourteen landraces and one variety. Higher-yielding, earlier-maturing accessions were discerned. Among the landraces studied, B1E0103 was the most productive under the agro-climatic conditions in Sadovo, central Bulgaria: BOE0035 had the earliest maturity. The seed moisture content was 11.5 &plusmn: 0.3%, and the energy value was 347.9 &plusmn: 1.2 kcal/100 g. The crude protein content varied from 22.5 to 27%, the lipids were 1.6&ndash:2.55%, the carbohydrates were 56.5&ndash:61.4%, ash was 3.8&ndash:4.3%, dietary fibers were 3.1&ndash:4.5%, tannins were 16&ndash:22%, phenols were 1.3&ndash:4.4 mg/g, flavonoids were 1.85&ndash:3.7 mg/g, and the trypsin-inhibiting activity was 0.7&ndash:2.5 units/mg FW, with the lowest in BOE0010, the variety &ldquo:Hrisi&rdquo:, and B1E0103 and the highest in B0E0035, A9E1230, and A8E0562. Landraces are promising genetic material for future research and breeding purposes.

Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) have developed many high valued rice varieties and advanced rice genotypes including anti-oxidant properties Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), phenolic compounds. This study evaluated the performance and stability of two antioxidant-enriched rice genotypes BR12836-4R-63 (V1) and BR12836-4R-312 (V2), along with two released varieties BRRI dhan34 (V3) and BRRI dhan70 (V4) as checks across ten agro-ecological zones in Bangladesh (Satkhira, Bogura, Cumilla, Feni, Gopalganj, Barisal, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Kushtia, and Gazipur) during the 2023 wet (Aman) season. The study was conducted using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in all the regions. Yield performance and stability of the genotypes were analyzed using AMMI and GGE biplot models. Significant genotype-environment interactions (GEI) were observed, particularly for grain yield (GY), plant height (PHT), and thousand-grain weight (TGW). The highest grain yield was recorded for V4 (3.6 t ha⁻¹), followed by V2 (3.4 t ha⁻¹) and V1 (3.1 t ha⁻¹), with the lowest yield observed in V3 (2.9 t ha⁻¹). Additionally, V2 exhibited a shorter growth duration (130 days) than the check varieties, suggesting its potential for early-maturity breeding programs. The AMMI analysis revealed that V4 and V2 were the most stable and high-yielding genotypes, whereas V1 and V3 showed poor adaptability. The GGE biplot identified BRRI dhan70 (V4) as the stable and adaptable genotype, while BR12836-4R-312 (V2) demonstrated strong performance in specific environments, particularly in Cumilla, Feni, and Rajshahi. The findings suggest that the advanced line BR12836-4R-312 would be released through national system of Bangladesh as anti-oxidant enriched rice variety.

This study accurately inverts key growth parameters of rice, including Leaf Area Index (LAI), chlorophyll content (SPAD) value, and height, by integrating multisource remote sensing data (including MODIS and ERA5 imagery) and deep learning models. Dehui City in Jilin Province, China, was selected as the case study area, where multidimensional data including vegetation indices, ecological function parameters, and environmental variables were collected, covering seven key growth stages of rice. Data analysis and parameter prediction were conducted using a variety of machine learning and deep learning models including Partial Least Squares (PLSs), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTM), among which the LSTM model demonstrated superior performance, particularly at multiple critical time points. The results show that the LSTM performed best in inverting the three parameters, with the LAI inversion accuracy on 21 August reaching a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.72, root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.34, and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.27. The SPAD inversion accuracy on the same date achieved an R2 of 0.69, RMSE of 1.45, and MAE of 1.16. The height inversion accuracy on 25 July reached an R2 of 0.74, RMSE of 2.30, and MAE of 2.08. This study not only verifies the effectiveness of combining multisource data and advanced algorithms but also provides a scientific basis for the precision management and decision-making of rice cultivation.

Bu araştırmada kırsal ve kentsel alanda yaşayan bireylerin besin tüketim tercihlerini belirlemek, tercihleri etkileyen nedenler ve bu nedenler doğrultusunda ortaya çıkan farklılaşmaları incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Kırsal alan popülasyonundan oransal örnekleme yöntemi ile 156 adet birey, kentsel alandan 164 birey belirlenmiştir. Gerek kırsal gerekse kentsel alanda harcama kalemlerinin içinde en çok yer tutan besin harcamalarıdır. Kırsal alanda yaşayan bireylerin besin alışverişinde en fazla %67,95 oranla bakliyat ürünlerine harcama yaptıkları görülmektedir. Bunu sırasıyla kahvaltılık ürünler, et ve et ürünleri, un ve unlu ürünler takip etmektedir. Kentsel alanda yaşayan bireylerin ise en fazla kahvaltılık ürünler için harcama yaptığı görülmüştür. Bireylerden kırsal alanda yaşayanlar besin satın alırken en fazla fiyatına dikkat ederken kentsel alanda yaşayan bireyler en fazla kalitesine dikkat etmektedir. Kırsal ve kentsel alanda yaşayan bireyler besinlerde katkı maddeleri içermesi ve genleri ile oynanmış ürünler olma olasılığı konusunda en fazla endişeye sahiptir. Bunun yanında kentsel alanda yaşayan bireylerin kırsalda yaşayanlara göre nispeten tarımsal ilaç kalıntıları, ürünün son kullanma tarihi, bitki ve hayvandaki hormon ve kimyasal kalıntılar ile ilgili de endişelerinin daha fazla olduğu görülmektedir. Her iki alanda yaşayan bireylerin besin alımında fiyatlar üzerinde durduğu görülmektedir. Ancak kırsalda yaşayan bireyler açısından bir ürünün fiyatının başka bir ürüne göre düşük olmasının tercih nedeni olması ayırıcı nokta olarak belirlenmiştir.

Air-assisted sprayers are widely used in orchards due to their efficiency in enhancing droplet penetration and deposition. These sprayers disperse droplets through a high-velocity airflow, which agitates the leaves and aids in canopy penetration. This study involved controlled experiments to simulate leaf movement during field spraying, with a focus on the dynamics of peach tree leaves (Prunus persica) in varying wind fields. An experimental setup consisting of a wind-conveying system, a measurement system, and a fixed system was designed. The moving speeds of the wind field (0.75 m/s, 0.5 m/s, and 1.0 m/s) and wind velocities (ranging from 2 m/s to 8 m/s) were varied. Key parameters, including leaf tip displacement, angular velocity, and twisting amplitude, were measured using high-speed cameras and motion analysis software. The results indicate that, at a constant wind velocity, increasing the wind field&rsquo:s moving speed resulted in a reduced range of motion, decelerated angular velocity, and decreased twisting amplitude of the leaves. Notably, at a wind field speed of 8 m/s and a moving speed of 1.0 m/s, the twisting duration of the leaves was only 67% of that observed at a moving speed of 0.5 m/s. These findings suggest that wind speed and field motion characteristics play a crucial role in leaf dynamics, informing the design of air-assisted spraying systems.

The butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) and purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) are tropical plants rich in phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, flavonols, polyphenols, and flavonoids. In this study, butterfly pea flower beverage and butterfly pea flower beverage containing purple basil were obtained using the infusion method (IM) and the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method. Both extraction process were carried out at two different durations: 3 and 7 minutes. Total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) values increased in all beverage samples prepared by addition of purple basil extract. The color parameters of the samples were determined and the sensory characteristics were evaluated. This study will provide a new perspective on the extraction methods of butterfly pea flower plant, which has a characteristic blue color and contains functional biocomponents; its processing into a functional beverage; and its enrichment with purple basil, another plant rich in phytochemicals.

Sprinkler irrigation is an effective method for protecting economic crops from frost damage: however, current research on its impacts is insufficient and lacks comprehensive evaluation. This research investigated the effects of sprinkler irrigation for frost protection on the air, soil, and tea plants in the tea garden. Sprinkler frost protection experiments were conducted in the tea garden, where temperature sensors measured the air and soil temperatures, and Monitoring-PAM was used to measure the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm) of the tea plants. The results indicated that lower initial ambient temperatures or smaller droplet sizes accelerate the rate of air temperature increase and slow the cooling rate. Under conditions of heavy frost, ice formation from irrigation water acts as an insulating layer, protecting the inter-row soil. Additionally, the Fv/Fm values of tea leaves protected by sprinkler irrigation ranged from 0.6 to 0.7, and were significantly higher than those of leaves exposed to frost damage. The results also showed that air and soil temperature and tea Fv/Fm can be used to perform a comprehensive assessment of sprinkler frost protection effectiveness.