Among all other agricultural products, cotton has an important place in terms of added value contribution and a wide usage variety in different industries. Turkey was the 7th largest fiber cotton producer in the world by the time period of 2016/17 with a production amount of 703000 tons which provides 3.05% of the total global cotton production. Hatay city is one of the important cities in terms of cotton production. The province holds 10.32% of cotton production areas and provides 10.84% of the cottonseed and fiber cotton productions in Turkey. In the enterprises which were examined, input amounts that were used to produce 5.29 tons Raw cotton were as follows; 26.2 kg seed, 648.8 kg fertilizer, 8.5 lt agricultural pesticide, 404.9 lt diesel fuel, 6417.1 kw electricity, and 26.7 manpower. In terms of irrigation and harvest methods, 71.45% of the enterprises were using the surface irrigation method, and 58.38% of them used the machinery harvest method. Within the research area, subsidy excluded income per unit area was found as 2447.24 USD/ha and subsidy included income was found as 3529.39 USD/ha. It was found that, agricultural subsidies increase the income per unit area at a level of 44.22%, and deficiency payments have the biggest share in this contribution (1052.97 USD/ha).

Genetically modified (GM) crops are being planted at large scale worldwide. In most of the countries, GM crops are processed into livestock feed. The land is used for cultivation of GM plants has been increased in recent years; in 2012 GM plants were grown on over 170 million hectares in 28 countries by 17.3 million farmers and extended to 185.1 million hectors in 2016 worldwide. GM plants have been used as feed for animals and the number of studies has proved their safety for animal and public health. This paper reviews the possible effects of GM crops on livestock, poultry, and aquatic animals by reviewing different type of studies, in which parameters such as performance, reproductive and health assessment were investigated. The most of peer-reviewed papers evaluating the effects of feeding animals with transgenic crops were based on GM plants with improved agronomic traits i.e. herbicide-tolerant plants and pets-tolerant plants; however, in some cases GM plants with boosted nutritional properties assessed. In most experiments, either Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) maize, Roundup Ready (RR) soybean or both fed to animals. Measurable differences in various parameters were mostly observed in Bt maize and soybean fed separately or simultaneously to animals. In this review, scientific studies showing the effects of the use of GM products in the nutrition of domestic animals on performance, health and reproductive parameters are investigated.

Probiyotik gıdalar, sindirim sisteminin çalışmasına yardımcı olan canlı mikroorganizmaları içeren gıdalardır. Bu gıdaların tüketimi sağlığın korunmasına ve bağışıklık sisteminin güçlenmesine olumlu katkı sağlamaktadır. Yapılan bu çalışma, probiyotik ürünlerin tüketim durumu ile tüketicilerin probiyotik ürünler hakkındaki bilgi düzeyini saptamak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda ankete katılan bireylerin %51,7’si bayanlardan, %48,3’ü erkeklerden oluşurken yaşları 18 ile 65 arasında tespit edilmiştir. Probiyotik ürünler hakkında bilgiye erkekler %31,4 oranında sahip iken bayanlar %61,1 oranında sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca öğrenim seviyelerinin ve ekonomik durumların artışına bağlı olarak probiyotik ürünler hakkında bilgi seviyesinin anlamlı derecede arttığı görülmüştür. Probiyotik ürünleri tüketenlerin oranı %26,0 iken tüketenlerden fayda gördüğünü düşünen bireyler %79,1 olarak belirlenmiştir. Ek olarak probiyotik ürünleri tüketenlerin %77,3’ü bu ürünlerin doğal olduğunu düşünmektedir. Sonuç olarak probiyotik ürünlerin sağlığımıza olumlu katkısı olmasına rağmen tüketimi ve hakkındaki bilgi yeterli seviyede değildir. Kişilerin öğrenim seviyesi ve ekonomik refahı yükseldikçe probiyotik ürün tüketimi ve bilgi düzeyi artmaktadır. Bu nedenle buna benzer toplumun bilgisini ölçmeye dönük çalışmaların periyodik olarak yapılması önerilmektedir.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the traits of reproductive, milking and growth performance of Saanen and Saanen × Hair crossbreds (F1, B1 and B2) raised at the Bandırma Sheep Research Institute. The data were collected from 868 goats for reproductive performance and milk yield and from 1077 kids for survival performance between 2009-2012. Milk components (fat, protein, lactose and non-fat dry matter) of goats (n=162) and body weight changes of kid’s (n=64) were evaluated for one year in 2012. Estrus rates and survival rates were similar among all genotypes. Kidding rate was significantly higher in F1 goats than Saanen goats. Saanen goat had the lowest average mean daily milk yield compared with other genotypes. The effect of year and age were significant on milk yield. Goats in F1 and B1 genotypes had higher milk protein percentage and non-fat dry matter content in comparison with Saanen and B2 genotype. Milk fat and lactose contents were similar among genotypes. Birth weight and monthly live weight were similar between genotypes while weaning weight, six month live weight and yearling live weight were higher in B1 kids in comparison with Saanen kids. The effect of dam age and birth type were significant on birth weight, monthly live weight and weaning weight. The findings related to performance characteristics in goat genotypes investigated show that B1 genotype could be recommend for semi-intensive production system in the Western Anatolia.

Wheat is an essential crop throughout the world and especially in Pakistan. It has a great yield potential which can cope with the raising food challenges of the world but there is a more need to increase its yield with its increasing demand. There is a need to increase the yield by improving the genetic characters. Breeder’s intention is to find out the variability in the genetic lines and by the use of these lines they can develop the high yielding breeding lines. Multi-ovary is a novel character to increase the number of grains per spikelet. What type of gene actions control that? From this review we get that some support the single dominant gene controlled trait, some support the two recessive non-complementary genes controlled trait and some favour the both as it is controlled by both dominant and recessive genes in different tri-grain lines. Secondly there is a need to study the genetic variation for the yield contributing traits. So that we can improve our genotypes to attain high yield. How we can evaluate yield and yield components. Combining ability is a considerable tool for this. Literature revealed that additive gene action contributes more towards yield than non-additive. In this many lines also came forward as good combiners which in future we can use them for a successful wheat hybridization program.

This study was conducted in Kumkale Plain of Çanakkale Province. In this research, it is aimed to determine which factors the regional farmers take into consideration in their production and the costs of the products they obtain. The data of the study consisted of primary and original questionnaires provided through face-to-face interviews. The sample volume was determined by stratified sampling method and 99 questionnaires were conducted. The enterprises are ranked according to land size and divided into three layers as 1-50, 51-100, 101 decare and above. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHS) method was used to determine producer preferences as well as simple cost calculations. The criteria of the study were determined as mechanization, irrigation facilities, supply of inputs, marketing opportunities, aquaculture information, product prices, input prices and labor force. According to the results of AHS obtained from the study, wheat ranked first with 0.213 points and sunflower ranked second with 0.196 points. The remaining alternatives are paddy, tomato, corn (seed) and silage maize respectively. According to AHS results, wheat, sunflower, paddy, tomato, corn and silage maize are preferred. Product costs are calculated as follows; 0.52 TL/kg for tomatoes, 1.56 TL/kg for paddy , 1.16 TL/kg for grain corn, 0.14 TL/kg for silage maize, 0.69 TL/kg for wheat and 1.44 TL/kg for sunflower.

Sensory quality characteristics of fish are very important factors on acceptance and market value of the product. Quality assessment of fish should be precise, fast, systematic and comprehensive regarding freshness attributes. The objectives of this study were to describe weather the QIM (Quality Index Method) scheme for salmonides can be used to determine the freshness and describe the sensory changes during storage. Quality assessment of the fresh water rainbow trout (n=36) was performed on day 1, 7, 14 and 21 of ice storage on temperatures from 0.6-0.8°C. Through the QIM scheme the specific freshness attribute deterioration can be very well described and the QIM score produced a clear result, which showed that the deterioration of fish is linear and has a strong correlation with the time of storage. The QIM scheme for farmed salmon can be used to evaluate the freshness of the rainbow trout. It can also be used to ascertain and predict the remaining shelf life of rainbow trout stored in ice. Under similar conditions, the maximal shelf life of ungutted rainbow trout is 14±2 days or 15 demerit points of framed salmon QIM scheme.

In this study, the effect of different concentrations of smoke solution derived from sage (Salvia officinalis L.) on root and shoot growth of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) was investigated in pots, in petri dishes (in vivo) and in vitro conditions. Smoke solution was obtained from hookah method and different concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) were prepared by diluting the stock solution with distilled water and, distilled water was used as control. Solutions were used starting water of petri and perlite media and to prepare MS0 for in vitro condition. Nodal segments of grass pea seedlings as explants were cultured on MS0 medium in vitro. Plant nutrients, antioxidants, organic or inorganic chemicals, and plant growth regulators are commonly used for plant development both in vivo and in vitro. However, their use has risks in terms of economic costs as well as nature, environment and human health. Therefore, use of naturally derived chemicals in these applications has great advantages. Observations for in vivo conditions were determinate after 7 days from sowing and 15 days after in vitro culture. The longest root length (6.089 cm) was determined in 75% smoke solution of sage and, while the longest shoot length (3.026 cm) was obtained from 100% smoke solution of sage on petri media. In perlite media, the highest root and shoot length were observed in pure water (control). İn vitro conditions, although shoot formation was above 85% in all applications, root formation was under 33%. The shortest shoot length was obtained from smoke solutions of 100% (5.02 cm), the longest shoot length was obtained from 25% and 75% concentrations of smoke solution, respectively 8.35 and 8.94 cm.

Climate change increases the odds of worsening drought in many parts of the World. Climate projections for the Mediterranean basin in which Turkey is located expresses alarming conclusions about severe droughts. Droughts are expected to prevail in different severities and periods throughout Turkey. Iğdır plain, which lies in eastern part of Turkey is convenient for cultivation of many agricultural products because of its fertile soils and micro-climatic properties. In this study, drought analysis were carried out for Iğdır by using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) and Streamflow Drought Index (SDI). The data (precipitation and flow) were obtained in monthly intervals from Turkish institutions, namely General Directorate of Meteorology and General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works. Study was aimed to examine the integrated effect of low precipitations and high temperatures on hydrological and meteorological drought. Annual SPI results show that four severe and three moderate drought events whereas RDI detected four severe and four moderate drought events for the study period (47 years, 1971-2018). SPI index detected severe category droughts in the water years of 1980, 1989 and 1997. RDI detected severe category droughts in the mentioned years together with one more event in 2000. SDI identified 2002 as extreme drought year, and identified 1982, 1984, 1986 and 2002 as moderate drought years. The output of the study is aimed to serve for better understanding of droughts in the Igdir Plain.

In this study, the effect of supplementing amino acid-precursor of nitric oxide (NO) L-arginine were examined on sperm motility of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Different concentrations [0 mM (Control), 1 mM, 2 mM, 4 mM and 8 mM] of L-arginine were used in the study. To assess the effects on percentage of motile sperm and longevity, L-arginine was added to activation medium containing NaCl (52 mM). The higher L-arginine concentration (4mM) has promoting-effect on sperm motility. The treatments containing L-arginine caused significant effect on percentage of motile sperm and longevity. Overall, the findings of the present study indicated that supplementation of L-arginine may have improving effects on sperm motility of rainbow trout.