The Corona Virus is the pandemic all over the world. This viral infection attacked all over the world like as disaster of viral infection which causes morbidity and mortality in different regions of world like Asia, Europe, and Africa etc. The different countries control the spread and complications of covid-19 like Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in well manner. In second wave there was again out break of covid-19 some regions of world. Here we discuss the causes of reoccurrence and their preventive measurements from our break effects of Covid-19.

This study was conducted to examine the soil fertility of the Büyük Menderes Basin, where wheat is widely cultivated. Soil samples were taken from 50 different points at a depth of 0-30 cm and various physical and chemical properties and amounts of nutrient elements were determined. With regard to the results of the study, the soils were generally sandy-clay-loam in texture, with slightly alkaline reaction, limy, rich in organic matter and showed no risk of salinity. The examined soils were found to be insufficient as 34% for total N, 14% for available K, 26% Mg, 10% Fe, 94% Zn and 98% Mn contents while all of the soils were determined as sufficient in terms of available P, Cu and Ca contents. When relationships between nutrient elements and soil physical-chemical properties were examined, negative correlations were found between soil pH and EC, organic matter, total N, available K, Zn; lime contents and available Mg, Fe, Cu; clay and available K and Mn contents. The positive correlations were found between EC and available K, Ca and Zn; organic matter % and total N, available K, Cu, Zn and Mn; sand % and available Mn; clay % and available Fe contents. Investigation of relationships between plant nutrients demonstrated that, there were positive correlations between total N and available K, Cu, Zn, Mn; available P and Zn; available K and Cu, Zn, Mn; available Ca and Fe; available Mg and Fe, Cu; available Fe and Cu, Mn; available Cu and Mn contents. The results of the study showed that attention should be paid to fertilization programs to fertilization with Zn and Mn, which were found to be insufficient in the greater part of the basin’s soils, and also to nitrogen deficiency is observed, as this directly affects the protein content of wheat.

Food packaging has an important role in protecting food against physical, chemical, and biological hazards during storage and distribution and in informing the consumer about the product. The packaging of foods that susceptible to chemical / microbiological spoilage especially such as meat, hence limited storage time, is even more important than other foods. In addition, the tendency of health-conscious consumers to be a part of real-time controls and monitoring food safety has led to the widening of this packaging perception. Hence, there have been innovative studies in recent years, especially aiming real time monitorization of freshness indicators. The focus of these studies is “colour indicators” used in the production of intelligent indicator films and colorimetric sensors within specific matrices to be integrated into packaging materials. The colour indicators change colour in the presence of certain metabolites released in food spoilage, which allows freshness to be determined. Colour substances used for this purpose can be natural or synthetic. Hence, natural pigments such as anthocyanin, curcumin, etc. have been more preferrable since being harmless to the health as well as increasing tendency of consumers to utilization from natural resources. In this review, information about natural colour indicators and studies in which these indicators are used to determine the freshness of meat in real time and visually are given.

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of four levels of irrigation water and three kinds of fertilizer on components of field-grown eggplant (Solanum melongena) in the years 2017 and 2018. Treatments included four irrigation regimes, which were 100% (I100, control), 80% (I80), 60% (I60), and 40% (I40) of evaporation from Class A pan and three different fertilizers, which were chemical fertilizer (CHF) with 40 kg da-1, organic fertilizer (OF) and developed organic fertilizer (DOF) with 2000 kg da-1. The experiment was designed with a split-plot randomized block with 3 replications. In experimental years, all irrigation treatments were irrigated 12 and 13 times, respectively with a drip irrigation system. Irrigation water amounts applied at I40, I60, I80, I100 in 2017 as 122, 183, 244, 305 mm and in 2018 were 147, 218, 289, 360 mm respectively. Seasonal plant water consumption values are in 2017, 2018 years respectively as follow: I40; 265 mm, 277 mm I60; 326 mm, 342 mm, I80; 386 mm; 382 mm, I100; 447 mm, 423 mm. In both experiment years, the effect of irrigation levels on plant components was statistically significant, the highest value of each component in both seasons was at I100 treatment, it was determined respectively as follow: Plant height PH (67.3 to 89.8 cm), branches number per plant BN (5.1 and 7.0), fruit number per plant FN (5.3 and 7.0), fruit weight FW (190.33 and 198.22 g).

Two experiments were conducted in the Savelugu-Nanton Municipality of the Northern Region of Ghana in 2012 and 2013 to assess the effect of N fertilizer on growth, N remobilization and grain yield of three local varieties of soybean (Glycine max [L] Merill). The experiments were a 3 x 4 factorial laid in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Factor A was soybean varieties (Jenguma, Quarshie, Ahotor); Factor B was 0, 15, 30 and 45 kg N ha-1. The experimental fields were planted manually on the flat by drilling and later thinned to 2 plants hill-1 at 0.50 m × 0.10 m with a population of about 400 000 plants ha-1. Growth and yield parameters measured were plant height, nodule number plant-1, nodule dry weight plant-1, percent nodule effectiveness, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, 100 seed weight, harvest index and grain yield. The results showed that the control recorded lower figures in all growth parameters. Nitrogen remobilization was also observed in all plots, which indicate that soybean needs greater levels of N during grain filling. Again, N remobilization and soybean yield were highest in the 45 kg N ha-1 treatment compared to the other treatments. However, considering the overall yields, farmers in the study area should be advised to adopt starter N fertilization of soybean for higher yields as the soils are highly degraded in soil fertility.

Bu çalışmada Rosaceae familyasında yer alan Cotoneaster transcaucasicus Pojark meyvelerinin hekzan ve metanol ekstraklarının toplam fenolik madde ve flavonoid madde içerikleri ile antioksidan aktiviteleri araştırılmıştır. Folin-Ciocaltaeu metodu kullanılarak fenolik madde miktarları metanol ekstraktında 50,34±2,70 mg GAE/g ve hekzan ekstraktında 38,06±1,32 mg GAE/g olarak belirlendi. Toplam flavonoid madde miktarı ise alüminyum nitrat yöntemi kullanılarak metanol ekstraktında 52,01±3,78 mg KE/g ve hekzan ekstraktında ise 60,54±6,82 mg KE/g olarak hesaplandı. C. transcaucasicus hekzan ve metanol ekstraklarının antioksidan aktiviteleri, DPPH ve FRAP yöntemleri ile değerlendirildi. Ekstrakların IC50 değerleri hekzan ekstraktı için 0,411mg/mL, metanol ekstraktı için 0,237 mg/ mL olarak hesaplandı. Ayrıca Fe3+-Fe2+ indirgeyici antioksidan gücünün hekzan ekstraktında daha fazla olduğu belirlendi. Sonuç olarak C. transcaucasicus meyvelerinin fenolik ve flavonoid madde miktarlarının ve antioksidan aktivitelerinin yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Bu çalışma C. transcaucasicus türünde yapılan ilk çalışma niteliğinde olup bundan sonra yapılacak olan çalışmalara öncülük edeceği düşünülmektedir.

Natural products play an important role in medicine. They have been used extensively in folk medicine to treat various illnesses. In this work, quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds in methanol, acetonitrile and dichloromethane extracts of Rosa canina L. waste seeds were investigated by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) LC-MS/MS. Mineral analysis of R. canina seeds was determined by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Fe, Mn, K and Zn were found as chief elements. Quantitative analysis revealed that catechin was the major flavonoid in all extracts. This work offers a viewpoint for recycling the R. canina waste seeds into the economy due to their bioactive content.

This study was aimed at investigating the effects of dietary supplementation with different levels of olive cake meal (0%, 2.5%, 5% and 7.5%) on the fattening performance and slaughter and carcass traits of quails. For this purpose, 400 one-day-old Japanese quail chicks were randomly assigned to 4 groups, each with 5 replicates. The quails were fed on either a basal diet alone (Control Group) or a basal diet supplemented with olive cake meal at rates of 2.5% (Group I), 5% (Group II) and 7.5% (Group III) for a period of 42 days. At the end of the fattening period, dietary olive cake meal was observed not to have caused any adverse effect on body weight, feed intake and feed conversion rate. Eviscerated hot carcass weight, eviscerated cold carcass weight, wing weight, breast weight, thigh weight and edible visceral organ weights were determined to have improved in the treatment groups that received dietary olive cake meal, when compared to the control group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with olive cake meal, a waste product of the olive oil industry, at a level of 5%, was observed to produce the closest and most similar results to those of feeding on the basal diet. Thus, it is suggested that olive cake meal could be used as an alternative feedstuff for poultry. Furthermore, the use of olive cake meal as an alternative feedstuff would contribute to reducing both feed costs and environmental pollution.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of lactic acid bacteria+ enzyme (LAB+E) inoculants on the fermentation characteristics and feed values of silages prepared from alfalfa harvested at three maturity stages. Alfalfa was harvested at the early, middle and late flowering stages. Sil-All (Alltech, UK) were used as LAB+E inoculants. Inoculants were applied to the silages at the rates of 1×105, 5×105 and 1×106 cfu/g levels in 1 liter capacity plastic bags. The bags were stored at 20±2°C under the laboratory conditions. Three bags from each group were sampled for chemical and microbiological analyses on the 45th day after ensiling. The results showed that LAB+E inoculants reduced pH values and ammonia-nitrogen content, whereas increased lactic acid contents and lactobacillus count of alfalfa silages. High doses LAB+E inoculant decreased neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content, increased in vitro organic matter digestibility and metabolic energy of alfalfa silages. It has been demonstrated that the most effective application dose of LAB+E inoculant to improve fermentation and feed value of alfalfa silage was 1×106 cfu/g, but 1x105 and 5×105 cfu/g level can also be considered as effective dose.

Fig vinegar is a special product which has a long history and is handed down from generation to generation. In the current study, characteristics of homemade fig vinegars supplied from different cities of Turkey were compared in terms of their physicochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Physicochemical properties of the samples were very diverse. Total phenolic and flavonoid content, and ABTS+ and DPPH radical scavenging activities of the samples were ranged from 313.5 to 594.25 mg GAE/L and 42.52-132.42 mg catechin/L, and 0.44-3.98 µg TE/mL and 1.25-7.51 µg TE/mL, respectively. The antioxidant activity of vinegars is highly correlated with their phenolic and flavonoid contents. Furthermore, vinegar samples exhibited inhibitive effect on all test microorganisms and the minimum inhibition concentration values were ranged between 0.39 and 25% (v/v). These results indicated the distinct properties of homemade fig vinegars and the potential of them as antimicrobial and antioxidant substances.