The current study presents a Turkish Truffle Checklist based on literature and a newly discovered species. Within the two divisions, the list includes 104 species belonging to 35 genera and 20 families, as well as their range and Turkish names. Tuber oligospermum was one of them, and it was recorded for the first time in Turkey. A brief description of newly reported species was provided, along with images of their macro and micro-morphology.

Salmonellosis is a critical challenge in commercial poultry farming. This study aimed to calculate seroprevalence, identify Salmonella spp., and its pathological investigation from January to December 2019. One hundred fifty (150) serum samples and fifty (50) cloacal swabs from apparently ill and healthy birds were collected in this study. Seroprevalence was observed by serum plate agglutination (SPA) tests. The tentative diagnosis of salmonellosis was made based on history, clinical signs and bacteriological studies. Salmonella spp. was further confirmed using an automated microbiological method (VITEK®2). Post mortem examination was done in apparently sick birds, and gross and microscopic pathological lesions were investigated and recorded in a datasheet. The overall seroprevalence of salmonellosis was 42.67% in commercial chickens. Age wise prevalence of avian salmonellosis showed significantly highest infection rate in adult layers (≥ 45 days old) 65.31%, then 40.74%up to 45 days. In case of broiler, the prevalence rate in 0-10 days, 11-20 days, and 21-35 days were 13.63%, 44.12%, and 16.67%, respectively. Seasonal influence showed significantly highest proportionate prevalence of salmonellosis during summer 66.15%in comparison to winter 25.00% and rainy 24.44% seasons respectively. In bacteriological study, 12 samples were positive for Salmonellae among 50 cloacal samples. Out of 12 positive samples 5 samples were selected for the automated microbiology system VITEK® 2, and only two samples were confirmed as Salmonella gallinarum. Gross pathology of representative organs revealed bronze-colored enlarged liver, hemorrhages in the spleen and lungs, and hemorrhages in the ovary with stalk development. Microscopically, multifocal nodule formation and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the liver parenchyma and marked congestion with inflammatory cells in the spleen, hemorrhage and congestion in the lungs and intestine.

The increase in the world population and rapid urbanization cause different types of pollution such as air, water, soil and noise. Today, this situation significantly affects the quality of life in densely populated settlements both in the world and in Turkey. Noise pollution, which is one of the important types of pollution, especially in urban areas, is increasing day by day due to anthropogenic effects. Studies conducted by the European Noise Directive (END) show that noise pollution is one of the important factors that cause health problems. Parks are places that allow children trapped in the structural environment in urban life to get to know nature and play games in open spaces. In particular, the children's playgrounds in the parks allow children to play and socialize in the open area and also allow parents to rest. However, park users may be exposed to noise pollution due to high-level noises originating from vehicle traffic, user density, and children's playgrounds in these places. This situation adversely affects the physical and mental health of the park users. The aim of the research is to determine the noise level in children's playgrounds in parks and to develop suggestions for reducing this noise level. As a result of the preliminary studies carried out in this context, Antalya/Kepez Dokuma Park was determined as a research area. Zones were created at certain intervals around the children's playground in the research area. And noise levels were measured on weekdays and weekends from the noise measurement points determined in these zones. The results obtained show that the noise pollution caused by the children's playgrounds in the parks and environmental factors is at a high level. In this context, landscape design and planning proposals have been developed to reduce noise pollution from children's playgrounds and environmental factors.

Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the most important pests in greenhouses. This harmful pest has rapidly developed high resistance to many classes of acaricides. In this study, T. urticae populations were collected from cucumber greenhouses in Gümenek village, Tokat, Turkey. Growers in this location use acaricides such as abamectin, hexythiazox and spiromesifen to suppress T. urticae populations. The study aimed to determine the resistance levels of T. urticae populations against to mentioned acaricides. The LC50 values of the collected populations were determined by the spray tower-leaf disc method. The resistance rates were found by dividing the LC50 values of the collected greenhouse populations by the LC50 value of the susceptible population. The resistance levels of T. urticae were determined to be between 1.88-2.14-folds against abamectin, 1.67-1.84 folds against hexythiazox and 1.77-2.09 folds against spiromesifen. According to these results, a low rate of resistance development was observed against abamectin, hexythiazox and spiromesifen.

Forecasting of vegetable area, production, and productivity of Nepal was made from the historical data of 1977/78 to 2019/20 by using the Box-Jenkins Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models. The best fitted ARIMA models were chosen based on the minimum value of the selection criterion, Akaike information criteria (AIC) and Bayesian information criteria (BIC). ARIMA (0, 2, 1) model was found suitable for all areas and production, whereas ARIMA (0, 2, 0) model was best fitted for forecasting vegetable productivity. The model was cross-validated by comparing the point prediction with the actual test series data from 2015/16 to 2019/20. The performances of models were determined from the mean absolute percent error (MAPE) value. The MAPE was found to be 2.70%, 2.40%, and 3.80%, respectively for the prediction of area, production, and productivity. The forecast was made for the immediate five years (2020/21 to 2024/25), and it showed an increasing value for area and production while the forecasts of productivity had lower values. The vegetable production policy in Nepal should be planned following accurate forecasts to increase production in the upcoming years. Awareness among the vegetable growers should be raised in the following years with appropriate extension programs.

In recent years, it has gained importance to develop models to determine the contribution of parks to reducing the temperature together with their surroundings. ENVI-met, which is used for this purpose, allows simulations for different conditions/materials with projections over many years. This study aims to determine the temperature levels arising from the surface materials and the projections of long years in the near areas of Cumhuriyet Park in Çukurova District of Adana. The study consists of 3 stages. In the first stage, information about the subject was gathered together. In the second stage, modeling was carried out using ENVI-Met 4.4.5 climatic simulation software in order to determine the temperature levels caused by different materials in the study area. The scenario for the future has been put forward. The data obtained in the third stage of the study were evaluated and suggestions were presented. As a result of the study, it was determined that Cumhuriyet Park, which is one of the important green areas of Çukurova district, contributed significantly to the decrease in the temperature level around it. This contribution is felt more intensely especially in the immediate vicinity of the park. It has been shown that the effect decreases with distance from the park. In the scenario put forward at the end of the 28-year period, it is predicted that the temperature level of the parking area will increase by approximately 2.4°C. This study reveals the importance of the selection of soil materials in preventing the warming of cities because of climate change experienced all over the world. In this context, local administrations attach importance to efforts to increase the quality of urban life; developing strategies in this regard is important for achieving results.

The objective of the present study was to determine the relationships between animal welfare score (AWS) and milk somatic cell count (SCC) in Anatolian buffaloes. The study carried out on 39 buffalo farms of Bafra district of Samsun province of Turkey between January and March 2020. To obtain AWS data, a scale with 1 to 100 points (1-25: poor, 26-50: moderate, 51-75: suitable and ≥76: excellent) was used. Locomotion ability (LA), social interaction (SI), flooring (F), indoor conditions (IC) and effect of stockman (S) were used to be AWS parameters. Milk samples were analyzed by SCC using a portable cell counter. The SCC values were transferred to log10 base before the analyses. To assess the effects of AWS on logSCC, independent sample t-test was performed. The relations of all parameters with each other were calculated by Kendall rank correlation method and the statistical analyses were carried out by SPSS 17.0. The highest and the lowest means were obtained from SI (79.66±1.28) and F (61.79±2.51), respectively. While the highest correlation was estimated between IC and AWS (r=0.724), all AWS parameters had approximately moderate relations with AWS. Positive or negative, but insignificant correlation coefficients were estimated between any traits and logSCC. The means of SCC (136841±15522 cells/ml) and AWS (68.70±1.67) of the present study were found within the suitable thresholds. Routinely keeping the records on AWS and its components, and adding AWS data to the herd management programs was suggested to the buffalo farm owners.

It is one of the biggest city parks of Ankara, which people can easily reach in daily use, walking, jogging, sitting, picnicking, playing etc. Göksu Park, which provides opportunities for activities such as, is built on the old Susuz pond in Eryaman. The park was opened in 2003. In this study, a 3-stage method was applied to determine and evaluate the area adequacy of the park. In the first stage, the first picture selection was made with the team of landscape architects in the park, using the nominal group technique, among the photographs taken in the area, obtained from the municipality and received the most likes from social media accounts with many followers. In the second stage, the criteria for the evaluation of field adequacy with the Delphi technique were determined by consulting the faculty members in the Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, who were selected as experts on the subject. Then, using the observation and comparison tables, the survey questions were prepared and after the application of the survey to the visitor group and park staff, as the third step, the survey data was based on whether the difference between the observed frequencies (OF) and expected frequencies (EF) was statistically significant with the help of SPSS 25 statistical program. Chi-square independence analysis, which is a test, and linear regression analysis were performed. By counting the frequencies, the relevant photographs will be examined and the relationship between density and field adequacy has been interpreted. With this study, it will contribute to the plans and designs of new projects so that the green areas and parks that people need due to the increasing population and urbanization can be used adequately in the future.

The degradation of some pesticides (acetamiprid, boscalid, deltamethrin, kresoxim-methyl, pyraclostrobin and pyridaben) by Enterobacter cloacae (plant growth-promoting bacteria) was investigated in vitro. In this study, firstly the effective substances used initially did not have a negative effect on E. cloacae, and the bacteria showed the same growth as the control group in the nutrient agar medium. Secondly, application doses of pesticides were added to erlenmeyer with nutrient broth, and 1 ml of 1×109 cells/ml of E. cloacae solution was inoculated and incubated in a shaker at room temperature (24°C) for 7 days. After the nutrient broth medium was extracted, pesticides were measured by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). When the results were compared with the control group, there was no degradation in acetamiprid, but 98.9% in pyraclostrobin, 98.6% in boscalid, 94.1% in kresoxim-methyl, 73.5% in pyridaben and 57.3% in deltamethrin. It is thought that the results of this study and the information obtained on the degradation of boscalid, deltamethrin, kresoxim-methyl, pyraclostrobin and pyridaben will shed light on future studies.

In this study, the project studio, which is the foundation of interior design education, has been designed using the metaphor method, one of the intellectual methods applied in education. The metaphor method is a technique used to make difficult-to-understand abstract concepts concrete and helps design students develop their critical thinking and creative skills. In this case, design, which is the verbalized form of abstract thought, is limited to an object and the responsibilities brought by this object. From this point of view, an experimental study of metaphorical methods for establishing spatial relations of objects was carried out in a 14-week design studio with the 2nd year students of the Department of Interior Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Selcuk University. The purpose of the studio work is to draw the boundaries of interior architecture students in their search for solutions to design problems, and to enable them to come up with creative designs while making functional and formal decisions. In this context, a metaphorical approach was used in the context of object-space relations to guide students’ formal decisions in the functional solutions of the problems that arise in the interior design process. After working in the studio, the students have developed a working doctrine that will guide their interior design studio projects using the designed method, allow them to create unique forms and shapes, enable them to translate abstract ideas into concrete space and make it possible for them to design at various scales, from equipment to space design. The method is at a level that will set an example for students, designers and academicians working in the design discipline.