Nowadays, whitening of stained teeth has become the most popular topic in aesthetic and cosmetic dentistry. Because of the side effects of materials that were used for bleaching, in this study the effects of some plants which were used in Anatolian folk medicine on the treatment of tooth staining were examined. In this study, upper central incisors which were extracted for periodontal reasons were used. The colour values of numbered teeth were obtained and the teeth were immersed into three different essential oils of medicinal plants (Mentha piperita, Ocimum basilicum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis) for different time periods (1 day, 1 week, 1 month). At the end of the immersion periods, colour measurements of all samples were made and the colour changes were analysed. Obtained data were statistically analysed by using ANOVA and Duncan test. As a result of the variance analysis, plant species and the duration of immersion was found to be statistically significant. Within the limits of this study, we can indicate that tested medicinal plants has a whitening effect by resulting significant change in tooth colour.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) mediate fast cholinergic synaptic transmission in the insect nervous system. Neonicotinoid insecticides exhibit insecticidal activities by targeting these receptors. The aim of this study was to isolate cDNA clones of nAChR subunit genes of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). RACEs (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) were applied to obtain partial-length cDNA sequences. We identified two partial cDNA clones encoding β1 and α8 subunit genes (Btβ1-1168 bp and Btα8-755 bp), respectively, from Bemisia tabaci (Bt). This is the first report of isolation of α8 from B. tabaci by cloning. Btβ1 and Btα8 possess characteristics that are typical of nAChR subunits. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Btβ1 and Btα8 clustered with the orthologous genes of other insect species.

In this study, commercial parents and synthetic parents which were developed from commercial maternal and paternal lines are compared. During the study, a total of 19654 animals, as being 8520 female, 1275 male chicks from commercial line (TK) and 8584 female, 1275 male chicks from synthetic line (SH), were used. Broiler experiment was conducted with a total of mixed-sex 2073 chicks, as being 1044 (3x348) chicks from TK group and 1029 (3x343) chicks from SH group. In 23 weeks growing period, female parents from TK and SH groups consumed 9.91 and 9.87 kg feed per animal, completed the process with 6.5% and 7.3% mortality and separation rate, 87% and 85% uniformity and lastly, 2846 and 2753g live weights at the end of 23 weeks, respectively. In the meantime, male parents with 9.5% and 10.8% mortality and separation rate consumed 11.1 and 11.3 kg feed per animal, respectively. Female parents from TK and SH groups reached 5% egg production efficiency at the ages of 26 and 25 weeks, and peak production at the ages of 35 and 32 weeks, respectively. At the age of 50 weeks, 5.7% and 6.0% mortality and separation rate, 84.5% and 83.8% peak egg production efficiency, 129.0 and 128.0 pcs of egg production, 116.8 and 118.5 pcs of incubating egg production, 62.5 and 60.0g of average incubating egg weight, 82.1% and 80.6% incubation yield were observed in the parents from TK and SH groups, respectively. Broiler chicks, with the weight of 39.7 and 37.7 g, obtained from TK and SH parents respectively reached the live weight of 2481 and 2375 g at the 42nd day consuming 4429 and 4372 g feed, respectively. In this broiler experiment, the feed conversion ratio was determined as 1.79 and 1.80 respectively. In the study, it was concluded, that new synthetic line obtained from commercial maternal and paternal lines can be used for broiler production.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, zeytin çekirdeği antioksidan bileşiklerinden elde edilen mikroenkapsüllerin su aktivitesi, renk, partikül özellikleri, yığın özellikleri ve rekonstitüsyon özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ve mikrokapsüllerin -20°C, 4°C ve 25°C olmak üzere üç farklı sıcaklıkta 6 ay süre ile depolanmasıyla polifenol ve antioksidan içeriğindeki değişimin kinetik modellemeyle incelenmesidir. Mikrokapsüllerin 0,43 su aktivitesi değerine, az kırmızılık içeren parlak açık sarı renge ve homojen olmayan oyuklu partiküllere sahip olduğu gözlenmiştir. Higroskobik (%32,47) ve yüksek kekleşme özelliğine (%61,32) sahip olduğu, ıslanabilirlik (52 dk) ve dağılabilirliğinin (%34,44) düşük olduğu ve uygun yığın yoğunluğu (0,26 g/cm3) ve sıkıştırılmış yoğunluk (%0,33 g/cm3) değerlerini sergilediği belirlenmiştir. Mikrokapsüllerin akabilirlik (CI:22,65) ve yapışkanlık (HR:1,29) davranışları kabul edilebilir düzeydedir. Ayrıca depolama sonucunda polifenol ve antioksidan içeriğindeki değişimin (yüzey polifenol miktarı ve mikroenkapsülasyon etkinliği hariç) birinci dereceden kinetik modelle en iyi açıklanabildiği bulunmuştur. Her depolama sıcaklığında incelen tüm bileşiklere ait kinetik katsayılar (reaksiyon hız sabiti (k), yarılanma süresi (t1/2) ve Q10 değeri) hesaplanmıştır. Depolama boyunca mikrokapsüllerin polifenol ve antioksidan içeriğindeki korunumun en iyi olduğu sıcaklığın 4°C, en kötü olduğu sıcaklığın ise -20°C olduğu belirlenmiştir. Zeytin çekirdeği antioksidan bileşiklerinden elde edilen mikroenkapsüllerin özellikle 4°C’de depolanan gıdaların hem fonksiyonelliğinin artırılması hem de raf ömrünün uzatılması amacıyla kullanıma uygun olduğu düşünülmektedir.

İnsan sağlığı açısından başlıca hayvansal protein kaynaklarından olan kırmızı etin yeterli miktarda ve düzenli olarak tüketilmesi elzemdir. Türkiye’deki kişi başı kırmızı et tüketimi dünya ortalamasının oldukça altındadır. Bunun temel nedeni olarak sığır eti fiyatlarının yüksekliği ve sürekli bir artış eğiliminde olması gösterilmektedir. Ayrıca bu artış, enflasyon üzerinde de önemli baskı oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, sığır eti fiyatlarında izlenen artış eğiliminin enflasyon etkisinden arındırılarak üretici açısından değerlendirilmesi ve üretici düzeyinde et fiyatlarındaki artışa etki eden temel faktörlerin tespit edilerek, fiyatlarda istikrarın sağlanmasına yönelik çözüm önerileri geliştirilmesidir. Bu çerçevede, et fiyatlarındaki artışa neden olduğu düşünülen faktörler tespit edilmiş, girdi maliyetleri, ikame-rakip ürün fiyatları ve hayvancılık desteklerinin cari ve reel seyri analiz edilmiş ve sığır eti tüketici ve üretici fiyatları arasındaki ilişki düzeyi tespit edilmiştir. Analiz neticesinde sığır eti fiyatlarındaki artışın temel olarak, et üretiminin yetersiz olması nedeniyle oluşan talebin karşılanamamasından kaynaklandığı ve süt fiyatları ile sığır eti üretici fiyatları arasında kuvvetli bağlantı bulunduğu saptanmıştır. Buna göre, kırmızı et fiyatlarında istikrarın sağlanması için öncelikli olarak et üretiminin artırılması, buna yönelik olarak etçi tip besi hayvancılığının geliştirilmesi ve besi materyalinin yurtiçinde üretimi ile hayvan varlığının yeterli düzeye çıkarılması, pazarlama zincirinin kısaltılarak denetim altına alınması, hayvancılık politikalarının uzun vadeli ve planlı şekilde belirlenmesi ile et ve süt ilişkisi göz ardı edilmeden doğru ve etkin bir destek mekanizması oluşturulması gerekmektedir.

This study was aimed to determine the responses of some sunflower hybrids to drought and low temperature stresses during germination and seedling development period. Sunflower hybrids of Sanbro MR, 63LE113, 64LL62 and Meteor were used in the study. Germination percentage, mean germination time, root and shoot length, root / shoot ratio, seedling fresh and dry weight of the sunflower hybrids were investigated at two temperatures (low 15°C and optimum 25°C) and drought stresses (distilled water, -1.5, -3.0, -4.5 and -6.0 bar) induced by polyethylene glycol 6000. The results of the research showed that there were significant differences among the sunflower hybrids in terms of the investigated characteristics. Increased drought stresses led to decreasing germination percentage, root and shoot length, seedling fresh weight, but caused a prolonged germination time and increased seedling dry weight. No significant change was observed in the germination and seedling development of the sunflower up to drought of -3,0 bar. The root / shoot ratio of sunflower hybrids increased at 15°C. The Sanbro MR had the fastest and highest germination along with the highest seedling fresh and dry weight at low temperature and higher drought stresses. It was concluded that sunflower hybrid Sanbro MR gave better performance under drought and low temperature conditions than the other hybrids.

In this study, macroalgae, microalgae and Bryophyta and Magnoliophyta members were investigated in Karamenderes Stream. The sampling was carried out between the dates of 19-23 July 2012, 09-10 October 2012 and 16-18 May 2013 and the sampling was made from eight stations, which were designated on the river and composed of different habitats. Microalgae flora is given as planktonic, epilitic, epipelic and epiphytic. A total of 107 taxa were identified. A total of 83 taxa were determined from microalgae. Of these, 32 are planktonic, 45 are epilitic, 57 are epiphytic and 60 are epipelic algae flora. Also 9 macroalgae, 1 Bryophyta and 14 Magnoliophyta members were determined.

Essential oils (EOs) are known for its antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic bacteria. The present work evaluated the antimicrobial activity of 15 different EOs on survival of different strains of different Staphyloccocus aureus strains isolated from traditional cheeses by disc diffusion method. The most antimicrobial activity on the strains was found as oil thyme oil (mean zone diameter 23.203 mm). Clove oil and black seed oil had the highest antimicrobial activity after thyme oil with average zone diameters of 13.698 mm and 11.267 mm respectively. Hypericum perforatum L. oil (mean zone 6.209 mm), ginger oil (mean zone 6.250 mm) and garlic oil (mean zone 6.267 mm) were the lowest antimicrobial activity. New studies about antimicrobial effect of EOs in vivo conditions are recommended.

Tokat, which is located between the Black Sea Region and the Central Anatolia Region and has a transition climate, is one of the provinces with high agricultural potential. This potential also provides important advantages in terms of vegetable agriculture. In Tokat, where the vegetable cultivation dates back to many years, many types of vegetables can be grown. While the farmers engaged in vegetable cultivation until the beginning of the 2000s were satisfied with their situation, in the last 15 years, growers have started to turn to alternative products due to the decrease in quality, productivity and profitability. There are significant difficulties and decreases in competitiveness of vegetable farming in the field and greenhouse cultivation. In the study, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of vegetable cultivation of Tokat were analysed. Solutions for the improvement of vegetable cultivation have been discussed by making determinations.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the possibilities of technological production of camel milk yoghurt. First of all, denaturation of antimicrobial substances in camel milk by heat treatment and their effects on pH decrease and on the viscosity were analysed. Although the pH decrease was present, the viscosity of camel milk didn’t change. In the study, two different heat treatments (20 min at 90°C and 20 min at 95°C) were applied to camel milk and pH and SH (Soxhelet Henkel) values were determined until pH reached 4.7 during fermentation. After culture addition the pH drop was at 90°C for 20 minutes heat-treated camel milk slower than the camel milk heated at 95°C for 20 minutes. Similarly, the increase in SH in the cultured milk treated at 90°C for 20 minutes was slower than the increase in SH in the cultured milk treated at 95°C for 20 minutes. In the next study, viscosity and pH changes in yoghurt produced from cow and camel milk were compared. For this purpose, both milks were heat treated at 80°C for 20 minutes. After 180 minutes in cow’s milk, the viscosity was 9891 mPa.s, and after 210 minutes it reached 25237 mPa.s. In contrast, the viscosity in cultured camel milk was determined as 1210 mPa.s after 90 minutes, while the viscosity remained around 1216 mPa.s after 380 minutes. In the next study, for the production of yogurt from cow milk and camel milk were performed. Both milks were heat treated at 80°C for 20 minutes and changes in viscosity and drop of pH during fermentation were analysed. After the 180 minutes of fermentation in cow’s milk the viscosity came to 9891 mPa.s, after 210 minutes it was 25237 mPa.s. In contrast, after 90 minutes in the cultured camel milk, the viscosity was 1210 mPa.s, while after 380 minutes the viscosity reached to 1216 mPa.s. E. coli, L. bulgaricus and Listeria innocua were used to determine the antimicrobial effect of raw camel milk, cow milk, heat treated camel and cow milk camel colostrum. While camel milk and colostrum had inhibitory effect on E. coli, L. bulgaricus, Listeria innocua was not inhibited