The aim of this study was to examine the drying kinetics of pears (Pyrus communis L.) with and without vacuum impregnation and under the different temperature by using tray dryer. Vacuum impregnation were applied to the the pears (15 mm thickness, 65 mm outer and 20 mm inner dimensions respectively) with the conditions of 50⁰ Brix impregnation solution concentration, 225 mbar vacuum pressure and 45 min vacuum time. Drying process was carried out at temperatures of 55, 65 and 75°C. Drying time of non-vacuum impregnated pears was determined 640, 500 and 340 min and vacuum impregnated pears was determined 700, 540 and 560 min respectively. Page, Exponential, Henderson and Pabis, Diffusion Approach were examined for testing the drying kinetics. Experimental values are in accordance with the expected values resulted Page and Difussion models of with and without vacuum impregnated pears. Effective diffusion coefficient (Deff) was varying 2.74×10-11 to 7.31×10-11 m2/s. m2/s with respect to the drying temperatures. The activation energy for the non-vacuum impregnated and vacuum impregnated pears was 32.93 kJ / mol and 24.25 kJ / mol, respectively.

Efficient use of water, one of the most critical life elements in the world, is becoming more and more important day by day. With the continuous increase in population and with climate change problems occur in terms of both consumption rate and usage patterns of water resources. It is becoming increasingly important to apply and research methods that can solve these problems all over the world. One of these solutions is the “Water Harvesting” method, which goes back many years. Water harvesting can be defined as the accumulation of runoff generated by precipitation to provide water for human, animal or crop use. While it is possible to see the use of the technique with roof and farm systems in micro-catchment dimension; wadi-bed and off-wadi (diversion) systems are used in macro-catchment dimension. In agricultural production, which uses a significant part of water resources, most of the rainwater falling into arid and semi-arid regions where production continues, goes away before could using efficiently by evaporation or flow. For this reason, the use of water resources becomes mandatory by using traditional irrigation methods in agricultural lands. With the water harvesting technique, after storing rain water, it can be held to be applied to crops. Hence the method since there will be no losses due to evaporation or flow, it will increase the total amount of irrigation water and reduce the pressure on water resources. Except for the protection of water resources, its role in preventing soil erosion is also seen as one of the main benefits of the method. In general, when the appropriate method is selected according to the appropriate geography, water harvesting has low inputs and is not difficult to apply. With a few exceptions, it does not require the use of pumps or energy input to deliver or deliver harvested water. In this study, information is given about the main elements, different usage areas and techniques of water harvesting.

The amount of secondary metabolites can be increased with different elicitor applications in vitro. It has been determined that zinc sulphate significantly increases the amount of capsaicin in the cell culture of red hot pepper. It is important to determine how the metal applied as elicitor will have an effect on plant metabolism. In the study, it was aimed to determine the effects of zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) applied to the cell suspension cultures of pepper seeds at different concentrations (0.1 M, 0.2 M, 0.4 M) and for periods (24, 48, 72 hours) on the total protein and phenolic substance amounts, and superoxide dismutase-peroxidase enzyme activities of pepper calluses. It was observed that the amount of protein increased, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzyme activities decreased, and the total amount of phenolic substance increased especially in 72 hours of treatment where zinc was applied as elicitor. These results show that ZnSO4 can be used as an abiotic elicitor in plant cell culture media.

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Hibiskus) is a plant that belongs to the Malvaceae family and and is a rich source of anthocyanins and other bioactive compounds. In this study, the total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of commercially supplied Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx extracts obtained by two different extractors (soxhlete and ultrasonic bath) were investigated. In addition, fatty acids were analysed by GC-MS analysis, 14 different fatty acids were determined and the major fatty acid components of extracts obtained from plant calyxes were palmitic acid (15.25%) and oleic acid (32.18%) and linoleic acid (30.77%). The ultrasonic bath was found to be more effective to reveal the bioactive contents of the extracts than the soxhlete. Total phenolic content and flavonoid values of plant calyx extracts (USB) were 23.29 and 3.08 mg ml-1, respectively, and FRAP and IC50 (% DPPH) values were 47.54 µg g-1 and 0.61 mg ml-1, respectively. Antimicrobial activity experiment carried out with total of 9 microorganisms consisting of seven bacteria and two yeast showed that H. sabdariffa extracts had dose-depended inhibition on test microorganisms but S. cerevisia.

Milking is a source of change in milk yield and milk quality determination, and one of the main events of milking is the oxytocin-mediated ejection reflex. Complete ejection of milk from the udder is due to the presence of high oxytocin during milking. The aim of this study is to investigate whether oxytocin administered intramuscularly has an effect on increasing milk ejection. In the study, 28 clinically healthy lactation Holstein cows were used, the lactation numbers and lactation periods of these cows were ignored in the evaluation. The study groups are divided into four groups, each consisting of seven cows. 50 IU oxytocin was given to group-1 five days before milking in the morning and evening, group-2 received 50 IU oxytocin once a day just before milking and the group-3 was given 50 IU oxytocin once before morning milking on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th days and the group-4 is a control group, oxytocin was not given to this group. Oxytocin injection was administered intramuscularly 30 minutes before milking. In the evaluation, the last five days of milk data before the application, five days of milk data during the application period and five days of milk data after the application period were taken into consideration. As a result of the study, we can say that the udder was not completely emptied with the intramuscular administration of oxytocin.

With the increase in the population in the world and in our country, the energy requirement related to consumer demands is constantly increasing. In our country, although wind, sun, etc. energy sources are used in energy production, fuels of fossil origin (coal, natural gas, oil etc.) are used more in energy production. Renewable energy sources, which are alternative due to the decrease in fossil fuel reserves, negative environmental effects and inability to meet the energy needs in the future, come to the fore. In this study, Turkey Statistical Institute (TUIK) according to the 2015-2019 year data, Sakarya at the central and districts in cultivation areas for cultivated of using the amounts of maize and wheat product (da) average waste, dry matter, and volatile dry matter, methane and energy their potential has been determined. As a result of the calculations, it has been determined that the maize sap waste amount has the highest 25695.68 tons of waste and 201197.15 MJ energy potential in Adapazarı district in 2017. Among the wheat stalk wastes, in 2017, Geyve district had the highest 269.95 tons of waste and 2113.72 MJ energy respectively.

The aim of this study was to reveal the association of alizarin test scores (ATS) with somatic cell scores (SCC) in bovine milk. The milk samples (n=60) were collected from three milk selling points in Samsun province of Turkey in two test days (TD). To obtain ATS, change of colour in milk after adding dye solution were used (ATS 1: red-brown/normal, ATS 2: yellow/acidic, and ATS 3: violet/alkali). To test for reliability of ATS by acidity, pH values of the samples were measured with a standard pH meter. In SCC analyses, direct microscopic cell counting was applied. Of examined parameters, only SCC was differed by TD, and both pH and SCC were differed by the location. According to ATP groups, pH and SCC means were also changed. Finally, estimated weak (r=0.247) correlation coefficient between ATS and SCC pointed out that ATS data are not suitable to detect quality degree of bovine milk samples.

Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a common cause of low back pain and radicular pain. The aim of our study was to evaluate the regression of LDH in patients who are considered to require surgical treatment but prefer conservative treatment. Patients who presented between January 2018 and June 2020 and who did not accept the recommended surgical treatment following a diagnosis of LDH based on clinical and radiological findings were retrospectively reviewed. All 12 of the patients included in the study showed spontaneous regression of LDH during outpatient clinical follow-up. Our study included 12 patients (seven male and five female). The mean age was 46.5 (the youngest was 30 years old; the oldest was 70 years old). Regression was observed at the L2-L3 level in two patients (10%), at the L4-L5 level in four patients (40%), and at the L5-S1 level in six patients (50%). On the follow-up examination of all patients, the severity of their pain was evaluated with the Visual Analogue Scale, and all patients described a reduction in pain (min: 2, max: 8). Ten patients described radicular pain at the initial examination, eight patients received physical therapy and rehabilitation treatment before the follow-up examination, and nine patients described neuropathic pain at the follow-up examination. Spontaneous regression of LDH is rare. While conservative treatments provided partial improvement in the complaints of these patients, conservative treatments usually cannot prevent the development of neuropathic pain.

This study was undertaken to estimate the antioxidant activity and total tannin content of Moringa olifera Lam. (Moringa) leaves and find a suitable extraction condition for maximum yield. Two types of solvent and three different extraction times and temperatures were experimented for extraction. Moringa leaves were oven-dried and powdered to determine the antioxidant activity in terms of total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and DPPH radical scavenging activity and total tannin content. The maximum TPC value noted in methanol extract, and it ranges from 6.46 ± 0.34 g to 3.91±0.19 g gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100g dry sample (DM). The FRAP values varied from 211.6 ± 3.75 to 344.13 ± 3.26 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/100g DM and 166.67 ± 2.90 to 224.93 ± 1.94 mg AAE/100g DM, for methanol and ethanol extract, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity ranged from 46.32 ± 1.07 to 58.09 ± 0.92% for methanol extract and 56.76 ± 1.48% to 69.72 ± 1.15% for ethanol extract. The total tannin content varied from 6.84 ± 0.05 to 10.22 ± 1.11 mg GAE/100 g dry sample and 6.77 ± 0.08 to 9.23 ± 0.51 mg GAE/ 100g DMfor methanol and ethanol extract, respectively. The highest antioxidant yield for methanol and ethanol extract of Moringa leaves differed for various conditions. Overall, Moringa leaves showed excellent antioxidant properties that can be commercially and domestically used.

Proteins consumed by poultry turns into ammonia as a result of microbial activities depending on the pH, temperature, moisture content of the litter, litter type, manure condition, relative humidity and ventilation condition and spreads to the environment as ammonia gas. Ammonia gas, which is one of the problems caused by poultry breeding, is a harmful gas in terms of animal welfare, health of employees and its effects on the environment. In this article, ammonia gas emission in poultry and practices to reduce this emission have been discussed and recommendations have been made.