Tea (Camellia sinensis) is the world's most popular beverage plant, as well as an important plantation crop with high commercial value. It has been maintained for centuries through conventional vegetative propagation. Tea clonal propagation in vitro has the advantage of producing a large number of elite plants. If an efficient in vitro regeneration technology is available, this technique could be exploited for selection of tea plants for desired trait. The selected plants could be later on multiplied through in vitro or ex vitro techniques. The study aimed to induced somatic embryogenesis from immature embryo explants to genetic variaton. Different concentrations of phenylboronic acid with benzyladenine and phenylboronic acid with kinetin were tested in MS medium with 30 g/L sucrose and 8 g/L agar. MS medium without any plant growth regulators was used as control group. Considering the embryo survival rate, 1.5 mg/ L-1 phenylboronic acid + 1 mg/ L-1 kinetin produced highest result as 87.3% while lowest was in control group as 36.7%. The highest plant regeneration rate was found in 1,5 mg/ L-1 phenylboronic acid + 1 mg/ L-1 kinetin and 1.5 mg/ L-1 phenylboronic acid + 1 mg/ L-1 benzyladenine medium respectively as 58.3% and 55.6%. Kinetin treatment with increasing phenylboronic acid concentrations gave the best results in terms of somatic embryo survival rate. Also, kinetin treatment produced better results when compared to benzyladenine concentrations.

Poverty is a major menace in Nigeria. Therefore, the research centered on the analysis of poverty status of farming households in Ebonyi State. Multi stage and simple random sampling techniques were used to select 450 respondents for the study. Primary data were collected using electronic data capturing instrument containing the questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Foster, Greer and Thorbeecke (FGT), and Logit regression model. The result from the study shows that 54% of the farming households in Ebonyi state were poor while 46% of them were not poor. The result further reveals that household size, dependency ratio, sex, monthly household expenditure, and farm size were the significant factors that influenced poverty status of Ebonyi state farming households. Therefore, government at the federal, state and local levels should consider socioeconomic characteristics of the farming households in the design and implementation of any poverty driven projects in order to improve their standard of living. Also, government at the various level, should consider embarking on programs to address the youth unemployment and aged members of the Nigerian society for these will reduce the dependency burden which have continued to increase the poverty level in farming households in Ebonyi state.

Striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) is one of the species in danger of extinction and categorized globally as “Under Threatened Organism”. From time to time, different tissue samples and carcasses of the striped hyena are reported in different regions of Anatolia. In this study, 571 bp length of Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit II (COX 2) of mitochondiral DNA from hair, ears, nails and teeth specimens from six striped hyaenas were amplified and sequenced to determined phylogenetic relationships between close and distant species related to hyaena. Tissue samples using in this study were found randomly at different times in Hatay province, Turkey. According to our results, all colected samples located in Hatay region are the members of H. hyaena species. Moreover, this research is the first molecular research using COX2 gene region for phylogenetic analysis in Turkey. Further investigation can be performed on studies that suggest determining phylogenetic status of striped hyaenas.

Son yıllarda, ekoturizm gelişimi için uygun alanları belirlemeye yönelik çalışmalarda Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) teknolojisinin yaygın olarak kullanıldığı görülmektedir. CBS teknolojisi, sayısallaştırılmış veri kullanarak sistematik ve kapsamlı bir analiz sunan güçlü bir yaklaşımdır. Araştırmacılar topoğrafya, arazi örtüsü, iklim, sosyokültürel yapı vb. bileşenlere sayısal değerler vermek suretiyle yaygın yöntemler oluşturmaya çalışmaktadır. Fakat araştırmaların çoğunun vaka çalışması şeklinde olması, her çalışmada alana özgü değerlemeler yapılması ve bazı niteliklerin sayısal olarak ifade edilme güçlüğü, ortak yöntemler ortaya koymayı zorlaştırmaktadır. Bu araştırmada CBS araçları ile yapılan alan uygunluğu analizlerinin farklı aşamalarında kullanılan çeşitli yöntem ve yaklaşımların sonuçlar üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Sonuçların CBS’ye eşlik eden Çok Kriterli Karar Verme (ÇKKV) tekniklerine, analizde kullanılan kriterlerin seçimine ve bunlara ağırlık tayin etme yöntemlerine, kriterlerin nasıl standardize edildiğine ve sonuç haritasının yorumlanmasını sağlayan uygunluk analizi türlerine göre değiştiği görülmektedir. Özellikle sosyokültürel bileşenlerin sayısal olarak ifade edilme zorluğu ve çeşitliliği, CBS ile yapılan nicel değerlendirmenin yanında nitel değerlendirmenin de gerekli olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bunun yanısıra ekoturizm uygunluk seviyelerinin belirlenmesinde kullanılan Doğal Kırılmalar Yöntemi, Eşit Aralık Yöntemi ve FAO (Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü) Arazi Sınıflandırması, analiz haritasında farklı desenler oluşturmaktadır. Sonuç olarak CBS teknolojisi, bu alanda ortak ve yaygın yöntemler oluşturmak için tek başına yeterli değildir ve çalışma alanı ile planlanan faaliyete özgü değerlendirmelerle desteklenmesi gerekmektedir.

Siyanobakteri olan Spirulina platensis önemli bir gıda katkı maddesidir. Fotosentetik bir mikroalg olan Spirulina platensis yüksek oranda ham protein (%62-70) içeriğine sahiptir ayrıca kıymetli sekonder metabolitleri de içerir. Yapısında bulunan proteinler ağırlıklı olarak esansiyel amino asitlerden oluşur. Kanatlı hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde tüketici talepleri doğrultusunda üreticiler sentetik katkı maddeleri yerine doğal ve fonksiyonel besin katkı maddelerine yönelmiştir. Kanatlı kümes hayvanları üzerine yapılan çalışmalarda Spirulina’ nın büyüme ve gelişmeyi desteklediği, kuluçka ve kuluçka sonrası performansı arttırdığı, yumurta sarı skoru ve ürün kalitesini iyileştirdiği, hastalıklara karşı direnç kazandırdığı dolayısıyla fonksiyonel bir yem katkı maddesi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Spirulina mikroalginin besin değeri ve kompozisyonu açıklanarak fonksiyonelliği ve kanatlı kümes hayvanları (etlik piliç, yumurtacı tavuk ve damızlık) rasyonlarında uygulanabilirliği çalışılmıştır.

In this study, to reproduce natural chestnut genotypes, the fruit characteristics of the Düzce region determined by local people are good in a healthy way, compatible with Marigoule (C. sativa × C. crenata) hybrid varieties resistant to branch cancer and root rot was investigated. In this study, 24 different chestnut genotypes were used. As the grafting method, the most commonly used tongue grafting, split grafting, chip budding grafting, and side grafting method were used. All procedures related to grafting were carried out in the greenhouses of the Düzce University Faculty of Forestry. In this study, local genotypes that are compatible with Marigoule chestnut were determined. As a result, the native genotype, which showed the best adaptation to Marigoule seedlings, was 87.5% of Yalnızçam, and after that, 79.2% of the Ereğli Sefer genotype. The lowest fit showed Broken genotype with 15% and Akçakoca1genotype with 17.5%. Besides, the compatibility of foreign varieties Maraval, Marigoule, and Betizac were also investigated. As a result, Betizac had the highest compatibility with 95%, while Maraval had 67.5%. The most successful in the grafting methods applied was the side graft (74.2%) followed by tongue grafting (59.9%), splitting grafting (51.4%), and chip budding grafting (29.7%).

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibilities of using various flour substitutes instead of wheat flour in the production of tarhana, which is a fermented food. In the studies examined for this purpose, various legume and cereal flours (oats, quinoa, lupine, wheat germ, chickpeas, beans, corn, rice, buckwheat and lentil flours), tomato paste production waste (tomato seed, tomato pulp, pepper seed, pepper pulp), potato starch, chestnut flour, carob flour, hazelnut pulp, almond pulp, and fish meat were substituted for wheat flour. With these substitutions used instead of wheat flour in the production of tarhana, it was aimed to increase the nutritional properties of the tarhana, improve its sensory properties and quality features. Alternative flours used in the production of tarhana were investigated in this study. According to the results obtained from the compiled studies, tarhana produced with the use of substitute flour will be an alternative to demand of consumers with high functional, natural and nutritional quality.

Microalgae, also called phytoplankton by biologists, are very small plant-like organisms with a diameter of 1-50 micrometers without roots, stem and leaves. Microalgae, which have hundreds of thousands of species in both fresh waters and seas, form the lowest link of the food chain in aquatic ecosystems. Most species contain chlorophyll, use sunlight as an energy source, and convert carbon dioxide into biomass (biomass). Because of their role in the photosynthesis process, microalgae produce most of the oxygen in the atmosphere. It has a very wide biodiversity and is reported to contain more than 200 thousand species. As a result of genetic analysis, a continuous increase in microalgae species is observed. More than 15 thousand new chemical compounds have been discovered from algae in recent years. It has been observed that most of the bio compounds obtained from microalgae have antiviral effects. However, although extensive research has been done on the antibacterial, antioxidant and antifungal effects of these bioactive compounds, there is limited research on their antiviral effects. In these limited number of studies on the antiviral effects of microagines, it has been reported that some biocompounds isolated from algae may be effective against viruses that are the cause of diseases such as “HIV, SARS and AIDS”. However, the number of researches on viruses that cause today's biggest pandemic, such as coronavirus, of different biocompounds isolated from microalgae, is very small. To date, no vaccine that can be effective against the COVID-19 virus or a drug that can inhibit the reproduction of the virus has not been found. It is thought that micro or macro algae may be one of the most promising natural resources in solving this global health problem. Because Spirulina, which is a microalgae, has antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic, antibiotic, antioxidant, prebiotic, cardiovascular system protective and antiallergic effects and these positive effects are caused by bioactive compounds found in high content (Rosales-Mendoza et al., 2020a). In this review, especially the antiviral effects of microalgae were tried to be summarized and it was tried to be emphasized that algae could be promising natural resources in the development of new antiviral drugs by our country's scientists.

Bazı volkanik arazilerden çıkan kaynak sularında Flor düzeyinin yüksek olduğu ve bu suların Flor toksikasyonuna neden olduğu bilinmektedir. Doğubayazıt’ta Tendürek yanar dağının eteklerinden çıkan bazı kaynak sularında yüksek miktarda, Iğdır ve Kapadokya volkanik arazilerinde ise normal düzeyde Flor olduğu bilimsel çalışmalarla ortaya konmuştur. Bu araştırmada ise söz konusu bölgelerde bulunan kanyak sularının içme suyu olarak verildiği çiftlik hayvanlarının kemik Flor düzeylerini ne şekilde etkilediği karşılaştırmalı olarak ortaya kondu. Kemik, su ve idrar örneklerindeki Flor analizleri iyon ayrımı yapabilen elektrot (ISE) kurulu iyon metre yardımıyla yapıldı. Çiftlik hayvanlarının idrar ve kemik flor düzeyleri su örneklerine benzer bir seyir izledi. Doğubayazıt kemik ve idrar örneklerinin flor seviyeleri, Iğdır ve Kapadokya bölgelerine göre anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu tespit edildi. Kemik Flor analiz sonuçlarını dış bakı kemik ve diş muayene bulguları da destekledi. Bu araştırmada analizi yapılan su, idrar ve kemik Flor düzeyleri arasında kuvvetli ilişkinin varlığı belirlendi. Flor düzeyi bakımından içme suyunun idrar ve kemik üzerinde çok kuvvetli etkiye sahip olduğu tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak, Doğubayazıt’ta Tendürek dağından köken alan Flor düzeyi yüksek suları içen çiftlik hayvanlarının kemiklerindeki Flor düzeyleri normalden yüksek tespit edildi. Bu durum içme suyu yolu ile şekillenen doğal Flor toksikasyonunun kemikler üzerinde Flor birikimine neden olduğunun kanıtı olarak değerlendirilebilir.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of using 1%, 3% and 5% pomegranate seed powder (PSP) on model system chicken meat emulsion (CME) quality parameters. For this purpose, the properties of the emulsion samples prepared using different amounts of PSP were compared with the control group prepared with 70% chicken breast meat, 18% chicken skin, 10% water, 1.5% salt and 0.5% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). Chemical composition, pH, emulsion stability, water holding capacity, cooking yield, and color were analyzed in emulsion samples. TBARs and peroxide values of the samples were determined on days 0, 3, 5 and 7 during storage. Use of pomegranate seed powder in emulsion formulation resulted a decrease in b* and a* values. At the same time, with the addition of pomegranate seed powder, there was no difference in the protein values of the raw samples and the moisture, ash and pH values of the cooked samples. It was also observed that pH values, water holding capacity and cooking efficiency of emulsions increased with the increasing levels of PSP. Both peroxide and TBARs values were lower in emulsion samples formulated with PSP on 7 d compared to the control group.