The existing practice of using excessive mineral fertilizers for maize production not only degrades the soil quality but also poses a threat to the overall ecosystem. Thus, in our research, we attempt to investigate the influence of biofertilizers on yield and yield attributing traits of maize, as a better, alternative, cheaper, eco-friendly, and sustainable solution. A two-factorial field experiment (RCBD) was carried out in Gaindakot, Ward No. 8, Nawalpur district, to assess the effect of Azotobacter in association with other fertilizers on the growth and yield of different maize varieties. The experiment consisted of 15 treatments (3 maize varieties and 5 different nutrient sources) with 3 replications. The three maize varieties used were Local Pahelo, Rampur Composite, and Rampur Hybrid-14, while the nutrient sources included Control, Farmyard Manure (FYM) only, Azotobacter-inoculated seeds, Azotobacter + FYM, and Azotobacter + chemical fertilizers (NPK). The results obtained revealed that the optimum performance was observed in Rampur Hybrid-14 with the nutrient source being Azotobacter inoculation in combination with FYM, resulting in a Leaf Area Index (LAI) of 0.39, 15 leaves, a grain yield of 8.41 tons per hectare, dry stover weight of 0.964 kg per meter square and a root length of 32.33 cm. The results demonstrated that the use of Azotobacter in combination with FYM in the Rampur Hybrid-14 variety could result in higher yields in commercial maize production, reducing the need for excessive mineral fertilizers.

In this study, it was aimed to examine the potential therapeutic effects of Urtica dioica seed (UDS) oil on hepatorenal damage induced by methotrexate in rats. Thirty-two Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: Control, Methotrexate (MTX, 20 mg/kg i.p.), UDS (30 ml/kg feed containing UDS), and MTX+UDS (20 mg/kg i.p. + 30 ml/kg feed containing UDS oil, respectively). At the end of the six-week study, the MTX-treated group demonstrated elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum and increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), an indicator of lipid peroxidation in liver, kidney, and blood tissues. However, reduced glutathione (GSH) levels (apart from erythrocytes) showed a significant decrease (p<0.005). The MTX group's liver and erythrocyte tissues showed a significant decrease in glutathione reductase (GR) activity compared to the control. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) in the MTX group as compared to the control. The co-administration of MTX+UDS decreased liver MDA concentration and the levels of the enzymes AST, ALT, and LDH compared to the MTX group. On the other hand, there was an increase in kidney glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and GSH levels. Histopathological investigation revealed that pellets containing UDS oil significantly reduced the degenerative and necrotic changes that MTX had generated in the liver and kidney, including parenchymal and hydropic degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration. Immunohistochemical staining showed that caspase 3, a marker of apoptosis, decreased significantly with the administration of UDS oil. In conclusion, MTX-induced hepatorenal damage was either prevented or greatly decreased by UDS oil.

Bu çalışma, çevresel değişkenlerin, mekanize operasyonların ve kimyasal maruziyetin önemli tehditler oluşturduğu tarım sektörüne özel bir odaklanma ile yüksek riskli sektörlerde DRA uygulamasını araştırmaktadır. Sensör ağlarının, İHA (İnsansız Hava Aracı)’ların, hava durumu izleme istasyonlarının ve yapay zekâ destekli analizlerin entegrasyonu, risk değerlendirmelerinin sürekli olarak güncellenmesini sağlayarak iş güvenliği ve üretkenliğin artırılması için eyleme geçirilebilir içgörüler sağlar. Şebekeden bağımsız meyve bahçesindeki bir vaka çalışmasında, DRA uygulamasını, risk izleme ve müdahale stratejilerini optimize etmek için uydu tabanlı internet, GPS modülleri ve otomatik veri işleme sistemlerini teorik olarak birleştirerek gösterilmiştir. Bulgular, gerçek zamanlı tehlike tespiti, iyileştirilmiş işçi güvenliği ve öngörülemeyen çevresel değişikliklere karşı geliştirilmiş dayanıklılık gibi DRA'nın avantajlarını vurgulamaktadır. Çalışma ayrıca, geleneksel risk değerlendirme yöntemleri ile DRA arasında karşılaştırmalı bir SWOT analizi sunarak, öngörücü analiz ve uyarlanabilir risk yönetimindeki güçlü ve zayıf yönlerini vurgulamaktadır. Bu çalışma; yeni bir kavram olan dinamik risk analizi konusunda yazılan, tarımda teknoloji kullanımı, iş sağlığı ve güvenliği alanında, Türkçe literatürde ilk olma özelliği taşımaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında tarıma uygun riskler belirlenip tanımlanmış, düzenleyici faaliyetleri DRA ile uyumlu olarak belirlenerek, geleneksel risk izleme yöntemleriyle ile karşılaştırılmış ve SWOT analiziyle de kavramsallık ve uygulanabilirlik açısından irdeleyen teorik esaslı bir çalışmadır.

Mevcut çalışmada, coğrafi işaret tescilli Çubuk Turşusunun fermantasyon süreci ve depolama sürecindeki bazı kalite özelliklerinin değişiminin izlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, turşu örnekleri coğrafi işarete uygun şekilde, Ankara'nın Çubuk ilçesinde hazırlanmıştır. Süreç boyunca değişimler salatalık ve salamurada yapılan analizler ile gözlemlenmiştir. Salatalıklarda; ilk gün (taze salatalık), 7., 15., 21., 30., 45., 60., 90., ve 180. günlerde rutubet miktarı, kabuk (ekzokarp) ve iç (endokarp) renk (L*, a*, b*) değerleri, indirgen şeker miktarı, ve ekzokarp ve endokarp sertliği belirlenmiştir. Salamura örneklerinin ise pH, titrasyon asitliği ve tuz miktarı açısından ilk gün, 7., 15., 21., 30., 45., 60., 90., ve 180. günlerde analizleri yapılmıştır. Mineral madde içeriğinin değişimi hem salatalık, hem de salamurada; ilk gün, 7., 15., 21., 45. ve 180. günlerde incelenmiştir. Duyusal analizler ise 21., 30., 45., 60., 90., ve 180. günlerde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Fermantasyon ve depolama süresinde mineral madde içeriği İndüktif Eşleşmiş Plazma Kütle Spektroskopisi (ICP-MS) ile belirlenmiştir. Salatalık turşusu ve salamurasındaki mineral madde konsantrasyonundaki en büyük değişiklik fermantasyonun en hızlı olduğu ilk 7 günde gerçekleşmiştir. Çubuk turşusunun salatalık ekzokarp ve endokarp sertliğinin ise fermantasyon ve depolama süresi boyunca stabil kaldığı belirlenmiştir. Duyusal değerlendirme sonuçlarına göre turşular 21. günden 180. güne kadar kabul edilebilir düzeyde notlar almıştır. Tekstürel ve duyusal olarak Çubuk turşusunun kalite özelliklerini koruduğu ve sürecin stabil ilerlediği gözlemlenmiştir.

This study investigated selected quality and functional characteristics of 17 hulled wheat accessions (Triticum monococcum and Triticum dicoccum) preserved in the Türkiye Seed Gene Bank, along using four modern wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L. and Triticum durum Desf.). The samples were evaluated regarding grain color parameters (L*, a*, b*), thousand kernel weight, and protein content. Furthermore, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities were were analyzed using DPPH and FRAP assays. The differences between samples were statistically significant in terms of DPPH activity and protein content. Species-wise comparison demonstrated that T. monococcum and T. dicoccum had the highest average protein levels. The highest DPPH antioxidant activity was recorded in T. monococcum sample no. 10 (859.67 µg mL⁻¹), while the lowest was in sample no. 2 (532.58 µg mL⁻¹) of the same species. Significant variation was found across the samples for L*, a*, b* color values, Chroma (C), Hue angle (h°), thousand kernel weight, total phenolic content, and FRAP antioxidant capacity. The highest TPC was detected in T. dicoccum sample no. 17 (11.23 mg GAE g⁻¹), and the highest FRAP reducing power was found in sample no. 14 of the same species (22.10 mg TE g⁻¹). These findings demonstrate notable diversity among hulled wheats regarding the evaluated traits and suggest their potential as valuable genetic resources for wheat breeding programs.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between plasma leptin levels in the early and late luteal periods of cows and conception rate. In the present study, the ovsynch + progesterone (P4) protocol was employed in 50 Holstein cows. Blood samples were collected on the 5th and 18th days following artificial insemination, and the levels of leptin and progesterone were subsequently measured. Subsequent to artificial insemination, mean leptin levels in the early (day 5) and late (day 18) luteal phases of the cows were measured as 5.96 ± 2.54 and 8.02 ± 4.14 ng/mL, respectively. Levels of leptin in the blood of pregnant cows on both day 5 (9.01 ± 4.40 ng/mL) and day 18 (12.04 ± 6.49 ng/mL) were higher than those in the blood of non-pregnant cows (4.44 ± 3.83 ng/mL and 6.01 ± 4.93 ng/mL, respectively). The findings revealed that progesterone levels on the 5th day following artificial insemination exhibited higher mean values (2.11 ± 0.64 ng/mL) in pregnant cows as compared to non-pregnant cows (1.49 ± 0.51 ng/mL). Furthermore, a higher level of progesterone was observed on day 18 in pregnant cows (8.89 ± 2.01 ng/mL) in comparison to non-pregnant cows (5.22 ± 2.21 ng/mL) (p<0.05). The study revealed that levels of the hormones leptin and progesterone were elevated in pregnant cows during the early and late luteal phase, in comparison to non-pregnant cows. However, no correlation was determined between P4 and leptin. The conclusion drawn was that, while there was a possibility that leptin levels could have an effect on the process of pregnancy and implantation, no relationship was found between progesterone and leptin levels

The aim of this research is to determine the effects of humic acid applications on antioxidant activity and chlorophyll amount in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). The eggplant cultivar ‘Aydın Siyahı’ was used as the plant material, and a commercial product, Humacid-Liquid, served as the source of humic acid. Applications were initiated three weeks after transplanting and repeated at three-week intervals, for a total of three applications. Treatments were applied both via soil and foliar methods, at doses of 10, 20, 30, and 40 ppm, in addition to a control group. According to the results, humic acid applications had no statistically significant effect on antioxidant activity in eggplant, whereas the effect on chlorophyll a content was found to be statistically significant.

Biochar, also known as fine-grained carbonaceous charcoal, is made by pyrolyzing organic feedstock and improves soil health over time. The effects of adding Dalbergia sisoo’s branches made biochar on seedling growth characteristics, particularly in wheat landraces, are examined in this study. T1 (0% w/w), T2 (1% w/w), T3 (4% w/w), T4 (8% w/w), and T5 (16% w/w) were the five treatments (biochar application rates) in the CRD design that was being evaluated. The findings showed that although biochar had no significant effect on the germination rate, it significantly altered the mean germination time; the fastest germination was achieved with an 8% biochar treatment. The dry weight did not differ significantly between treatments. With a moisture level of 4%, the seedling had the highest. High biochar application (16%) significantly reduced shoot, root, and seedling lengths, with the most favourable growth observed at lower concentrations particularly 4% for shoot length, 0% for root length, and 8% for seedling length. The seed vigor index was much greater at 4% biochar. Overall, this study demonstrates that adding biochar to soil might enhance seedling establishment; the greatest results are obtained at low dosages (4%–8%). The need for careful control of biochar application rates in agronomic techniques is

Lablab bean (Lablab purpureus L.) is a widely grown winter crop in Bangladesh. The photo-insensitive lablab beans are also suitable for the summer season. This study analyses six photo-insensitive genotypes of lablab bean for their morphological traits and bioactive compounds. The study was conducted at Sylhet Agricultural University, and a completely randomized block design was employed, with the treatment repeated three times. The six genotypes analyzed are Sikribi sheem-1, Sikribi sheem-2, IPSA sheem-1, IPSA sheem-2, SB-003, and SB-011. Key morphological and yield parameters, including plant height, branches per plant, days to flower, days to harvest, and pod yield per plant, were measured. In the phytochemical analyses of the pods, total phenol and flavonoid contents, along with antioxidant activity, were quantified. IPSA sheem-2 showed strong growth, reaching 253.33 cm in height, followed by IPSA sheem-1 (226.67 cm) at 30 days after sowing. IPSA sheem-2 and Sikribi sheem-1 had approximately 4 branches plant-1 and 3 branches plant-1 at 30 days after sowing, respectively. Sikribi sheem-1 excelled in pod production with 216.67 pods/plant, the highest individual pod weight (4.21 g), and the maximum pod yield (36 kg decimal-1). IPSA sheem-2 had the highest dry matter (13.06%), whereas IPSA sheem-1 had the highest fibre content (1.35%). In terms of phytochemical attributes, Sikribi sheem-1 had the highest total flavonoid content (4.5 µg/mg quercetin equivalent). IPSA sheem-2 exhibited the highest dry matter (%) and moderate yield. Sikribi sheem-1 excelled in terms of  number of pods plant-1, total flavonoid content, and pod yield. Therefore, Sikribi sheem-1 and IPSA sheem-1 can be recommended for commercial cultivation during the summer season.

Bu çalışmada, Tokat ilinde yaygın olarak yetiştirilen, yörenin önemli geleneksel ve ticari değere sahip tarımsal ürünü olan ve üç burun olarak tabir edilen Tokat biberinin yenilebilir kısmı ile bu kısmın değerlendirilmesi sırasında açığa çıkan çekirdeklerinin fizikokimyasal ve fitokimyasal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Tokat biberinin L* değeri ortalama 44,62, a* değeri -20,59 (yeşil ton) ve b* değeri 34,34 (sarı ton baskın) olarak saptanmıştır. Çekirdek kısmının protein (%4,11) ve kül (%1,02) miktarlarının meyve etine (%2,01 ve %0,86) göre daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Meyve eti ve çekirdeklerde toplam fenolik madde, flavonoit ve antioksidan kapasite (FRAP ve ABTS yöntemleri) analiz edilmiştir. Meyve etinde toplam fenolik madde 171,46 mg GAE/100 g, çekirdekte ise 124,08 mg GAE/100 g olarak belirlenmiştir. Toplam flavonoit miktarı meyvede 138,50 mg KE/100 g, çekirdekte 123,29 mg KE/100 g seviyesinde ölçülmüştür. Antioksidan kapasite analizlerinde, ABTS değeri çekirdekte (250,09 mg TE/100 g) meyve etinden (184,94 mg TE/100 g) daha yüksek bulunurken, FRAP değeri meyve etinde (131,69 mg TE/100 g) çekirdekten (72,46 mg TE/100 g) daha yüksektir. Bulgular, Tokat biberinin yenilebilir kısmı ve atık olarak görülen çekirdeklerinin biyokimyasal açıdan zengin olduğunu ve fonksiyonel gıda potansiyeline sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.