A study was conducted to analyze factors influencing adoption of wheat technology packages by smallholder farmers in Gurawa, Meta and Habro districts in eastern Ethiopia. The analysis was based on a household survey data collected from 136 randomly selected households. A Two-limit Tobit model was used to elucidate factors affecting adoption of technology packages measured based on an index derived from five components of wheat technologies which included row planting, pesticide application, use of improved varieties, and application of inorganic fertilizers, namely, Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) and Urea. Among the variables included in the model, variation in district, gender, age of the household head, education status of the household head, farm size, distance to market, distance to FTC (Farmers’ Training Centers), cooperative membership, dependency ratio, and annual income of the households were found to significantly affect the adoption of wheat technology packages. Policy makers, planners and development practitioners should give due attention to these determinants to support smallholder farmers in wheat production and enhance gains derived from it.

The development in science  technology and the researches made in the health field showed that nutrition increases the effectiveness of medical treatment as well as maintaining the human health and singularly effective in the treatment of certain diseases. In recent years, the importance of nutritional elements called ‘Functional foods’ has increased. Functional foods provide physiological benefits and can reduce the risk of chronic diseases beyond their nutritional benefits. One of these functional compounds is conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers which have significant effects on human health and previously have been demonstrated in the researches carried out on people and animals. CLA’s attracted more attention after detection of its body fat accumulation reducing, antidiabetic, immune system enhancing, arteriosclerosis reducing, bone mineralization increasing effects.

During the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, first cause of deaths in the world, diet has a vital role. While nutrition programs for the cardiovascular health generally focus on lipids and carbohydrates, effects of proteins are not well concerned. Thus this review is written in order to examine effect of proteins, amino acids, and the other amine consisting compounds on cardiovascular system. Because of that animal or plant derived proteins have different protein composition in different foods such as dairy products, egg, meat, chicken, fish, pulse and grains, their effects on blood pressure and regulation of lipid profile are unlike. In parallel amino acids made up proteins have different effect on cardiovascular system. From this point, sulfur containing amino acids, branched chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids, arginine, ornithine, citrulline, glycine, and glutamine may affect cardiovascular system in different metabolic pathways. In this context, one carbon metabolism, synthesis of hormone, stimulation of signaling pathways and effects of intermediate and final products that formed as a result of amino acids metabolism is determined. Despite the protein and amino acids, some other amine consisting compounds in diet include trimethylamine N-oxide, heterocyclic aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and products of Maillard reaction. These amine consisting compounds generally increase the risk for cardiovascular diseases by stimulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and formation of atherosclerotic plaque.

Increase in online available bioinformatics tools for protein research creates an important opportunity for scientists to reveal characteristics of the protein of interest by only starting from the predicted or known amino acid sequence without fully depending on experimental approaches. There are many sophisticated tools used for diverse purposes; however, there are not enough reviews covering the tips and tricks in selecting and using the correct tools as the literature mainly state the promotion of the new ones. In this review, with the aim of providing young scientists with no specific experience on protein work a reliable starting point for in silico analysis of the protein of interest, we summarized tools for annotation, identification of motifs and domains, determination isoelectric point, molecular weight, subcellular localization, and post-translational modifications by focusing on the important points to be considered while selecting from online available tools.

This research was conducted to determine the effects of different seaweed doses on yield and nutritional values of hydroponic wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum L.) juice in the climatization chamber of Karabuk University, Eskipazar Vocational School, Department of Crop and Animal Production between the dates of 15.01.2015 and 15.06.2015. In the research, four different seaweed doses (Control; 0, D1; 150, D2; 300, D3; 450 and D4; 600 ppm) and control were applied to irrigation water and their effects on the content of biomass rate, biomass and grass yield, grass juice yield and pH, plant height and root length, biomass and grass dry matter rate, grass juice energy and macronutrient values (protein, carbohydrate, fat, dietary fiber and ash) were analysed. According to the results, while the highest biomass and grass yield, plant height values were obtained from D1, D2, D3 and D4 treatments, the highest grass juice yield and root length were obtained from D3 treatment. The highest pH, grass dry matter content was obtained from control treatment. Seaweed dose treatments were not had influence on grass juice energy values. However, the rise in the grass juice yield was caused a rise in the total energy values in the unit area. D3 treatments can be recommendable to achieve the highest grass juice yield.

Bu çalışma, etlik piliçlerde kekik (Thymus vulgaris L.), biberiye (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) ve karabaş otu (Lavandula stoechas L.) esansiyel yağları ve bunların karışımlarının canlı ağırlık, canlı ağırlık artışı, yem tüketimi, yemden yararlanma oranı ve karkas özellikleri üzerine etkisini tespit etmek için yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, günlük yaşta toplam 640 adet etlik civciv (Ross 308) kullanılmış ve 5 tekerrürlü olacak şekilde 8 muamele grubuna tesadüfü olarak yerleştirilmiştir. Her bir muamele grubunda 80 adet civciv bulunmaktadır. Deneme rasyonları sırasıyla kontrol (0 mg/kg), ilave kekik esansiyel yağı (50 mg/kg), biberiye esansiyel yağı (50 mg/kg), karabaş otu esansiyel yağı (50 mg/kg), kekik + biberiye (25+25 mg/kg), kekik + karabaş otu (25+25 mg/kg), biberiye + karabaş otu (25+25 mg/kg) ve kekik+biberiye+karabaş otu (16,7 + 16,7 + 16,7 mg/kg) oluşmaktadır. Yem ve su ad libitum olarak sağlanmıştır. Çalışma 6 hafta sürmüştür. Performans parametreleri haftalık olarak belirlenmiştir. Denemenin 42. gününde hayvanlar kesilerek karkas özellikleri tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, rasyon farklı esansiyel yağ ve bunların karışımlarının etlik piliçlerde canlı ağırlık, canlı ağırlık artışı, yem tüketimi, yem değerlendirme oranı ve karkas özellikleri üzerine etkisi önemli olmamıştır.

Karabuğdayda olgunlaşma alt dallardan başlar, yukarıya doğru devam eder ve hasat döneminde bitki üzerinde çiçekler, yeşil ve kahverengi taneler aynı anda bulunabilir. Bu yüzden homojen bir olgunlaşma olmaz ve verim düşer. Bu çalışma karabuğdayda tane verimi ve tanede mineral besin içeriğindeki değişime bitki morfolojisinin (ana gövde-dal, orta dallar ve alt dallar) etkisini araştırmak amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Tarla denemesi 2014 ve 2015 yıllarında Isparta koşullarında tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuş ve Aktaş karabuğday çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Karabuğdayın ana dal, orta ve alt dallardaki tane verimi ve bunların verime katkısı her iki yılda da istatistiksel olarak önemli olmuştur. Bitki morfolojisine göre, 2014 ve 2015 yıllarında sırasıyla en yüksek tane verimi 1,548 ve 1,579 g/bitki ve tek bitki verimine en yüksek katkı sırasıyla, %40,72 ve %38,61 alt dallarda belirlenmiştir. En düşük değerler ise ana gövdeden elde edilmiştir. Karabuğdayda uygun hasat zamanı olarak verime katkısı en fazla olan alt ve orta dallardaki taneler tamamen olgunlaştığı (kahverengi tohumlar) dönem önerilebilir. Karabuğdayın mineral besin içeriği bitki morfolojisine göre değişmiş ve genel olarak K ve Mn dışında en yüksek değerler ana dalda belirlenmiştir.

Pesticide uses in Kazova region of Tokat province were assessed in this study. Data were gathered through Simple Random Sampling method with questionnaires made with 72 agricultural enterprises. Resultant data were assessed through arithmetic means and percentiles. A factor analysis was also performed on producer opinions about pesticide use in tomato. Average enterprise size was 20.27 da and tomato is cultivated over 56.98% of these lands. Of the participant producers, 97.22% were not member of any associations or cooperatives. About 91.67% of the participant producers prefer chemical treatments. Producer usually use chemicals based on their previous experiences and recommendations of chemical-fertilizer dealers. Price is the dominant factor while selecting the chemicals to be sued. The dose prescribed by the dealer is generally used. Of the participant producers, 91.67% indicated that they didn’t know about the time to be passed between the last chemical treatment and the harvest; 44.44% don’t think that pesticides they use leaved residues over the products and 95.83% indicated that chemical treatments didn’t create environmental pollution. With the factor analysis, KMO value was calculated as 0.553 and 14 variables thought to be effective on producer opinions about agricultural chemical uses were gathered under 6 factors (toxicity, attention in treatments, human health, conscious production and consumption, environmental harm, hygiene).

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) has been remained an important agricultural crop in resolving global food issues through decades. The crop has experienced enormous growth in terms of production throughout the world in recent decades because of improvement in agricultural mechanization, fertilizers application and irrigation practices. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of this valuable crop is still vulnerable to losses due to prevalence of different viral, bacterial, fungal and nematodes infestations. Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, is one of the most threatening pathogenic diseases which not only results in direct crop losses but also cause farmers to embrace huge monetary expenses for disease control and preventive measures. The disease is well known for notorious ‘Irish Famine’ which resulted in drop of Irish population by more than 20% as result of hunger and potato starvation. Globally, annual losses of crop and money spend on fungicides for late blight control exceeds one trillion US dollars. This paper reviews the significance of late blight of potato and controlling strategies adopted for minimizing yield losses incurred by this disease by the use of synthetic fungicides. Advantages and disadvantages of fungicides application are discussed.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the environmental factors on the milking time milk yield of Red Holstein cows. For this aim, 172,826 morning milk yield (MMY) and 172,771 evening milk yield (EMY) data collected between 2001 and 2010 from a dairy farm in Aydin Province, Turkey were used. The THI is over 72 from June to August in the region. The effects of calving month, calving year, parity, lactation month and milking month on MMY and EMY were found to be statistically significant. For every month, year and parity, the MMY means were higher than those of the EMY. The peak daily milk yield was determined on the 46th day of lactation (31.7±0.013 kg). For parity, the highest milk yield means were detected for the third parity: 13.69±0.023 kg for MMY and 11.70±0.021 kg for EMY. In conclusion, taking precautions to protect the cows from heat stress especially for the cows calved in summer and keeping the milking interval equal for whole year would help increasing the milk yield.