Oxidative stress, which plays an active role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, continues to be relevant in assessing the condition changes such as aggression. Some of Kangal dogs have been found to eat their own puppies during their first 24 hours following birth, as a case called maternal cannibalism. The present study aims to determine the levels of serum malondialdehyde (MDA), which is a product of lipid peroxidation, and serum glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes, which are the parameters of antioxidant defense system, and total protein and albumin levels and to show their relationship with cannibalism. The study material consists of blood and blood serum of 30 Kangal dog breed in total, 15 of which have maternal cannibalism and 15 haven’t observed maternal cannibalism as a control group. Glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde levels were investigated by means of spectrophotometric method in blood serum of these animals. The difference between the mean values of total protein, GPx, SOD, MDA and albumin was statistically significant in the results obtained. These findings conclude that oxidative stress and antioxidative metabolism plays a role in the pathogenesis of cannibalism in dogs.

In Mediterranean climate region, during certain times of the year the daily average temperature decreases under 12°C. In such conditions, greenhouse heating is essential to be able to get the high quality yield that is expected from greenhouses. The cost of heating varies from 20% to 60% of the total costs depending on the climate of the region, size, type and hardware of the greenhouse and type of plant grown in the greenhouse. The heat requirement in greenhouses is calculated based on the rudiments defined by DIN 4701 standards. However, the real temperature in greenhouses is higher than the outside temperatures used in calculations. For this reason, the heat requirement in greenhouses should be calculated by taking temperature increases that are caused by ventilation temperature and heat storage capability into consideration. In this study, the heat energy need of Antalya which is located in Mediterranean region is assessed according to its climate conditions. In the calculations, the different hardware structures are considered and the level of energy that can be saved is calculated. As a result of the calculations, depending on the month of the year, 12% to 29% difference is observed between energy requirement calculations based on the indoor temperature increases and energy requirement calculations based on outside temperature values.

Even though dairy products play an important role in infant and human nutrition, they may also cause food borne diseases. Milk toxin AFM1 is one of the most important public health hazards. This toxin is produced by animals after consuming contaminated feed with AFB1 which is known for its carsinogenic effects and then excreted in milk. Same as AFB1, AFM1 is also carsinogenic, neurotoxic, nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic and immunsupressive for humans and cannot be destroyed by sterilization or pasteurization. For that reason, studies on cost effective and rapid methods for detection and detoxification of AFM1 in milk are quite popular among researchers. In this review, the worldwide prevalence of AFM1 in milk and milk products has been presented as well as the developments in techniques to detect and detoxify.

This study was conducted to investigate the potential use of diatomite (a natural pozzolana) and pumice in plasters and mortars to be used in agricultural buildings. Compacted and loose unit weights, specific weight, water absorption, organic matter content, abrasion resistance of aggregate (sand and pumice) and pozzolana were investigated and materials were found to comply with the relevant standards. Test results on fresh (unit weight and slum test) and hardened (unit weight, capillary water absorption, total water absorption, bending and compressive strength, vapor diffusion test) mortar samples revealed that pumice and diatomite could be used in agricultural structures. Diatomite and pumice should be heat-treated and grounded before to use in mortars. In plasters to be made with abundant pumice and diatomite sources, high water holding capacity of the materials should be taken into consideration and further researches should be carried out about their compliance with the other materials.

In this work, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Galium incanum, Galium dieckii ve Galium aladaghense were firstly reported. The essential oils were obtained from the all parts of the plant by hydrodistillation and analyzed by using GC-MS. Antimicrobial activity of synthezied essential oils was carried out against 5 pathogen bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (P. syringae) DC300, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhmurium (S. typhmurium) SL 1344 and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) ATCC 25175. According to the results, it was determined that isolated essential oils comprised of 61 compounds. Compounds of essential oils included that structure monoterpene (8.2%), monoterpenoid (14.75%) and sesquiterpene (14.75%). Unclassified compounds have been identified as other compounds. From the antimicrobial activity was observed that the isolated essential oil from Galium incanum, Galium dieckii ve Galium aladaghense exhibited a potent inhibitory effect against all gram negative and gram positive bacteria with diameter of inhibition zones ranging from 4.3 to 12.3 mm. Essential oil of Galium aladaghense indicated that high antimicrobial activity on all bacteria than Galium incanum and Galium dieckii.

Asma yaprak kıvırcıklık (grapevine leafroll) hastalığı geçmişten bu yana bağ virüs hastalıkları içerisinde ekonomik önem derecesi yüksek olan dünya çapında yayılım gösteren bir hastalıktır. Closterovirus cinsine ait virüs üyeleri içerisinde, Asma yaprak kıvırcıklık virüsü 1 (Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1) (GLRaV-1) en eski olanıdır. Bağlarda önemli verim kayıplarına neden olan bu virüs, özellikle yapraklarda kıvrılma simptomu ile tanımlanır. Nar bitkisi, ekonomik değeri yüksek bitkiler arasında yer almakta olup henüz az sayıda virüs hastalıkları tanımlanmış ancak son yıllarda yürütülen çalışmalarda bu bitkinin de GLRaV-1’in konukçusu olabileceği bildirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bağ ve narlardan elde edilen GLRaV-1 izolatlarının genomik olarak kıyaslanmasıdır. Bu amaçla, 2014 yılında Hatay ve Niğde illerinden toplanan asma ve nar örneklerinden total RNA ve dsRNA izolasyonları yapılmış, virüs genomuna özgü 2 farklı bölgenin (hareket (movement) proteini (p24) ve ısı şok (heatshock) proteinini (HSP70h) çoğaltan primerler kullanılarak RT-PCR ile analizleri yapılmış elde edilen ürünler klonlanmış ve sekans analizleri yapılmıştır. Ayrıca Closterovirüs’ün HSP70h genine özgü dejenere primer kullanılarak DOP-PCR analizleri yapılmıştır. DNA dizi analizlerinin sonunda elde edilen kısmi genomun, BLAST analizleri yapıldıktan sonra filogenetik analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma sonunda, yeni bir konukçu olduğu düşünülen nardan izole edilen GLRaV-1 izolatlarının asma izolatları ile kıyaslamalı olarak analiz edilmesi sağlanmış ve izolatlar arası yüksek oranda benzerlik olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Samanların hücre duvarında bulunan lignoselüloz kompleksin parçalanması ile selüloz ve hemiselüloz gibi rumen fermantasyonuyla sindirilebilir fraksiyonlar elde edilir. Rumende sindirilmeyen ligninin biyoteknolojik metotlarla parçalanarak samandan yararlanılabilirliğin artırılması son yıllarda hayvan beslemecilerin odak noktası olan alanlarından birisi olmuştur. Lignoselüloz kompleksin biyolojik metotlarla muamelesinde bakteriler, mantarlar ve bu mikroorganizmalardan elde edilen enzimler kullanılmaktadır. Bakteri muamelesinde Mycobacterium, Arthrobacter ve Flavobacterium türü bakterilerin lignini parçalayabilme özelliğinden yararlanılmaktadır. Enzim muamelesi etkili olmasına rağmen yüksek maliyet nedeniyle uygulamada yer bulamamıştır. Mantar muamelesinde beyaz, kahverengi ve yumuşak çürüme yapan 3 tür mantar kullanılmaktadır. Kahverengi çürükçül mantarlar tercihen selüloz ve hemiselüloza saldırır, ancak lignini parçalayamaz. Beyaz çürükçül mantarlar lignine saldırarak lignol bağları ve aromatik halkayı parçalarlar. Beyaz çürükçül mantarlar selülaz, ksilanaz gibi hidrolitik enzimlerle polisakkaritleri ve lignin peroksidaz ve lakkaz gibi oksidatif ligninolitik enzimlerle lignini parçalarlar. Lignoselülozik materyalleri en iyi parçalayabilen mikroorganizmaların mantarlar olması ve maliyetin düşük olması nedeniyle özellikle beyaz çürükçül mantarların uygulama potansiyeli bulunmaktadır. Bu bildiride biyoçeşitliliğin sağladığı avantajla biyolojik metotlarla samanların sindirilebilirliğinin artırılması tartışılacaktır.

Advancement in agricultural technologies is seen to result in the shift in production functions. The study was conducted to establish the impact of the improved rice variety on productivity in the Ejura-Sekyedumase and Atebubu-Amantin Municipalities of Ghana. The study was based on the survey of 208 rice farmers using a three-stage stratified sampling method. The study used a structured questionnaire to collect input-output data from the rice farmers. Data were analysed using the Cobb-Douglas production function. The study found that the technical change associated with the introduction of the improved rice variety was of the non-neutral type. Further, the adoption of the improved rice variety has increased rice productivity by about 46% for the adopters. The main determinants of productivity for the adopters were seed, land, fertiliser, herbicide, and education. Productivity among the non-adopters was positively influenced by seed, land, herbicide, and fertiliser. The study concluded that the improved rice variety has superior yield advantage. The study recommends for the simultaneous promotion of improved rice varieties and their recommended inputs to increase rice productivity.

Bu çalışmada; Trakya Bölgesi iç sularından (Bahçedere Çayı, Tekirdağ, Türkiye) izole edilen, moleküler taksonomi yöntemleri ile tanımlaması yapılan KF470792 Kabul No’lu Desmodesmus communis (E. Hegewald) E. Hegewald (Sphaeropleales) mikroalg türü için kültür ortamı ve büyüme şartları belirlenmiştir. Bu mikroalg türü, belirlenen şartlar altında (besin, pH, sıcaklık, ışık yoğunluğu ve havalandırma) kültüre edilmiş ve durgunluk fazına ulaşan kültürden besinsel ve biyokimyasal analizler için yeterli miktardaki biyokütle hasat edilerek; toplam protein, toplam yağ miktarları ile yağ asitleri ve aminoasitleri, E vitaminleri çeşit ve miktarları belirlenmiştir. Türün BG11 besin ortamında (7,5 pH, 24±2ºC, 500 ml/dak. havalandırma) 9,76x105 koloni/ml hücre yoğunluğuna, 0,762 g/l kuru biyokütle ağırlığına, 13,3 mg/l toplam klorofil a miktarına ulaştığı belirlenmiştir. Biyokütle üzerine yapılan biyokimyasal analizler sonucunda; ağırlıkça %42,59 toplam protein, %5,23 toplam yağ ve 3694,24 µg/gyağ vitamin E miktarına sahip olduğu saptanmıştır. Yağ asitleri içinde en yüksek oranın %35,18 ile linolenik asit olduğu saptanmıştır. Aminoasitler içinde en yüksek miktarda bulunan glutamik asit, 46,9 mg/g olarak belirlenmiştir.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the amount of cow milk production and its price in Turkey in the period between 1985-2015.The Koyck model that is one of the distributed lag models was used to analyse of these data. The production of cow milk was considered as dependent variable and the price series consisting of cow milk prices and lagged price series are considered as explanatory variable in the model. According to the results of Koyck model, it was determined that the production of cow milk was affected by the prices of maximum one year retrospectively and the time required to dramatically affect to production of cow milk of the change taken place in prices of cow milk was 2.9 years. Furthermore, the increase of 1 TL in price of cow milk decreases the production of cow milk by 183372.4 tonnes. On the other hand, the increase of 1 TL in prices in the previous period decreases the production of cow milk by 137345.9 tonnes. Based on these data, it can be said that the price of cow milk composed in the free market conditions is rather efficient in determination to production amount. In conclusion, economic measures such as making of production planning, constituting of efficient marketing opportunities, price policies and giving a place to stable production can be taken against to fluctutations in the price increases.