Citrus reticulata Blanco crude flowers extracts (CFE) at four different concentrations (1, 2, 3 and 4%, v/v) were used as natural milk coagulant instead of rennet to apply for Cheddar cheese making from buffalo milk. The physicochemical properties of Cheddar cheeses were compared with cheese made with 0.002% (v/v) rennet (control cheese). Physicochemical properties of Cheddar cheese showed that cheese made with 1% and 2% of CFE had a crumbly and slightly softer texture/appearance. While cheeses containing 3 and 4% crude flowers extracts had semi-hard texture/appearance of curd similar to rennet added cheese. Protein analysis shows that crude flowers extracts made cheese had significantly higher protein content than control. The Cheddar cheese with 3% and 4% CFE were preferred by panelists instead of 1% and 2% CFE for their taste, texture/appearance and overall acceptability. Conclusively, crude flowers extracts coagulated Cheddar cheese fulfills the compositional requirement with acceptable organoleptic characteristics and at the same time provides nutritional health benefits.

Bu araştırmada da tarım sektörüne yönelik Türkiye’ de 2004-2017 yılları arasında sağlanan tarımsal krediler ile tarımsal GSYH arasındaki ilişki panel veri analizi yardımıyla ortaya koyulmuştur. Analiz yöntemi olarak, Panel Birim Kök Testi, Panel Eşbütünleşme Testi ve Panel Granger Nedensellik Analizinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma, AB Kırsal Alan Sınıflandırmasına göre üç bölgede değerlendirilmiştir. Bu bölgeler, kentsel alan, ara kırsal ve baskın kırsal olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, her üç bölgede de değişkenler arasında uzun dönem eşbütünleşme görülmüştür. Nedensellik analizi sonuçlarına göre ise, kentsel alan ve ara kırsal bölgelerde değişkenler arasında iki yönlü nedensellik görülürken, baskın kırsal bölgede nedensellik ilişkisi görülmemiştir. Baskın kırsal bölgeyi oluşturan altı il dikkate alındığında (Artvin, Bayburt, Bingöl, Çankırı, Gümüşhane, Tunceli), gelir düzeyi düşük, ortalama arazi büyüklüğü nispeten daha küçük ve geçimlik işletme diye ifade edilebilecek işletme yapısından oluştuğu bilinmektedir. Dolayısıyla, yatırıma ve ekonomik değer elde etmeye yönelik tarımsal üretimin yoğun olmadığı bölgede tarımsal kredi ve tarımsal GSYH ilişkisinin olmaması beklenen bir sonuç olarak değerlendirilebilir. Bu çerçevede, tarımsal kredilerin ve bunlardan faydalanma olanaklarının gözden geçirilerek yöresel/bölgesel dinamiklere göre kurgulanması ve daha geniş bir tabana yayılarak üretim süreçlerinde kullanılabilme olanaklarının yapılandırılması gerekmektedir.

Aksaray Malakli Shepherd Dog is a native Anatolian race which is raised in Aksaray and it is marked recently. This study is prepared to reveal significative biochemical properties of Aksaray Malakli Dog. Blood samples were collected from 20 Malakli dogs which are raised in various animal shelters in Aksaray region. Biochemical parameters; serum total protein, albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, calcium, phosphor, iron, ferritin, and ALP, AST, ALT, creatine enzyme activities were measured calorimetrically. Obtained results were 6.25 g/dL, 3.62 g/dL, 2.63 g/dL, 16.53 mg/dL, 0.88 mg/dL, 91.10 g/dL, 186.85 mg/dL, 47.65 mg/dL, 9.53 mg/dL, 4.36 mg/dL, 112.45 µg/dL, 0.51 ng/dL respectively. and enzyme levels were 42.50 IU/L, 31.90 IU/L, 43.30 IU/L, 166.4 IU/L, respectively. Serum Paraoxonase 1 and hepcidine levels were measured with ELISA kits manually. Obtained results were 33.0 ng/ml and 23.55 ng/ml respectively. With this study, we determined some serum biochemical parameters of Malakli dog and we tried to find out the differences between the other Anadolu Çoban dogs. Obtained results may be useful for the next studies about morbidity-health status of these dogs.

The improvements on the next generation sequencing or high-trough output technologies allowed the discovery of several unknown viruses in grapevines and also in other plants . The most important new emerging grapevine viruses were identified as Grapevine pinot gris virus (GPGV), Grapevine syrah virus 1 (GSyV-1), Grapevine red blotch-associated virus (GRBaV) and Grapevine roditis leaf discoloration virus (GRLDaV). The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence and characterization of these viruses in Tekirdag and Hatay viticulture production areas by PCR and DNA sequencing analyses. Totally 191 and 111 grapevine samples showing both virus-like symptoms and symptomless were collected from Tekirdağ and Hatay provinces, respectively. Among the tested samples GPGV and GSyV-1 were detected in both local and imported cultivars by the infection rate of 43.62 % and 1.04% in Tekirdağ , respectively. In Hatay provice, only GSyV-1 was detected by the infection rate of 0.9 % and all tested samples were negative for GPGV, GRBaV, GRLDaV. RT-PCR results showed that DNA fragments of 411 bp, 302 bp and 618 bp corresponding to the part of the coat protein (CP), movement protein (MP) and the replicase genes of GPGV were successfully amplified in Tekirdağ samples. All PCR products of GPGV were directly sequenced on both strands. All the nucleotide sequences of CP, MP and 5’ UTR and N-terminus of replicase genes shared the highest sequence identity with different GPGV isolates deposited in Genbank

According to the report of World Health Organization / Food and Drug Administration, probiotics are expressed as, ‘‘live microorganisms that have a positive effect on the health of the host when consumed in sufficient quantities’’. People use probiotics to treat diseases and to promote general health. Probiotic bacteria should adhere to the tooth surface to prevent and slow down the tooth decay and also should join to the microbial dental plaque bacteria. However, probiotic bacteria should damage and compete with the cariogenic bacteria and prevent the growth of bacteria. In addition, probiotic bacteria should be able to reduce the acid production by affecting the carbohydrate metabolism. Probiotic is a new and interesting research topic in oral microbiology and oral diseases. A wide range of epidemiological investigations will demonstrate the different benefits of probiotics on human health.

In Turkey, the Rosary (Neem) tree, known as the Melia azedarach L. is a type of evergreen plant. In the world, four different species of tree grows native in India, Burma, Pakistan, South Asia, and Australia. In our country, the Neem tree (Melia azedarach L.) grows naturally in tropical zones with light yellow fruit and green leaves. Fruits can reach maturity in September-October morphologically. Neem oil from fruits and powder from fruits and leaves are the main products which are traded in abroad as organic substances. In this study, neem fruit was investigated to obtain the neem oil from Melia azedarach L. in details such as moisture content (MC), drying rate (DR), moisture ratio (MR), Azadirachtin amount (AZ) and macro and microelement parameters. The fruits were collected from locally Turkey and de moisturized in the greenhouse for one week than dried in Infrared cabinet dryer to obtain the neem oil. The Azadirachtin amount results were found 46.1; 45.4; 48.4 (mg/g) through three replications.

The objective of this study was to determine the relationships between animal welfare scores (AWS) and milk production in dairy cattle. AWS traits on locomotion ability (LA), social interaction (SI), flooring (F), indoor conditions (IC) and stockmanship effect (SE) were scored by a 100 points scale in a total of 51 farms in Samsun region of Turkey. First lactation milk yield (FLMY) records of Brown Swiss and Simmental cows were used as milk production trait. All components were assessed by t-test to determine the effects of the welfare traits on FLMY. The overall mean of AWS was calculated to be 74.05±1.69, and therefore the farms were founded within a “suitable” class. It was estimated moderate correlations among the parameters except for AWS and SI, however, no statistically significant difference was estimated between AWS and FLMY of the cows. SE was revealed the most important factor on AWS of the farms. Finally, routine scoring cattle farms to decide their suitability for animal needs is advised to herd owners for managing rentable populations in the farms.

Field studies were carried out in the localities of different altitudes and vegetation covers in the Hatay province in March-October 2018. Papilio demoleus was caught with insect net in the citrus orchards at Antakya and Reyhanlı. Cornifrons ulceratalis, Macaria alternata and Camptogramma bilineatum were caught mercury vapour light trap and white screen in different localities, at different elevations, in different climatic conditions, plant cover and sutface features in Erzin. Papilio demoleus was caught in the citrus gardens in the province of Hatay Reyhanlı district as a male and a female on 05.09.2018 and in Antakya district on 15.10.2018 as two male and three female individuals. This invasive species is widespread all over the world and has the potential to create substantial threat for citrus orchards in the Mediterranean region and in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey in next years. As a result, Papilio demoleus (Papilionidae), Cornifrons ulceratalis (Crambidae), Macaria alternata and Camptogramma bilineatum (Geometridae) are new records for the lepidoptera fauna of Hatay.

Adana province is very suitable for honey bee (Apis mellifera) breeding in terms of climate, geographic structure and rich flora. This study was carried out to investigate of beekeeping structure in Adana. The research was carried out as a questionnaire with technical questions related to technical beekeeping by visiting 169 beekeepers in Adana. In this study, a questionnaire consisting of multiple choice and open-ended questions were used as a data collection method. This survey were obtained data on beekeepers personal information, educational status, reasons for starting beekeeping, how many years they have been beekeeping, recognition of bee diseases and pests, and reared bee species. It is an effort to depict the technical and economic characteristics of province beekeeping practices in order to discover the overall structure of beekeeping in the province. According to the results of the survey, 99.4% of beekeepers’ gender were male, average age 47.77, 58.5% of beekeepers’ education level were primary school, beekeeping experience averaged 19.22 years and colony numbers were 293.21 per beekeeper. Furthermore, the problems of beekeepers were tried to determine.

Antioxidants, usually contain phenolic groups, molecules may prevent the formation of free radicals or by blocking the radicals to prevent damage to the cell. Antioxidant molecules can be produced by the body or taken into the body through foods. Today, there are many different methods used to measure antioxidant capacity. In these methods, measurements are usually carried out by adding the tested substances into a solution containing free radicals. These methods can give different results depending on the characteristics of the reactant used. In this study, the reproducibility and consistency of five different antioxidant capacity methods (DPPH, ABTS, galvinoxil, phosphomolybdenum and FRAP) in commercially available and homemade turnip samples were tested. At the end of the study, antioxidant activities of the tested samples were evaluated. According to the evaluation of the antioxidant activities (from higher to lower) of these samples, the results of, DPPH, galvinoxyl, phosphomolybdenum and FRAP methods were very similar. However, ABTS method results showed difference compared to other method results. As a result of study, reproducibility and consistency of results of DPPH, galvinoxyl, phosphomolybdenum and FRAP methods were determined.