Children's playgrounds which are safe and quiet environments that children can play there have started to become rare as a result of rapid urbanization. Because, the studies have shown that unplanned and distorted urban spaces affect children's behaviours, attitudes and reactions in a bad way. In this study, the availability of children's playgrounds in 22 districts of the city centre of Ordu was investigated. In this context, firstly, children's play areas were determined based on the neighbourhood scale and then area calculations were made and the amount of play area by per child between 0-14 years was calculated in each district. In the second stage, accessibility maps for children's playgrounds were obtained by determining the availability of the playgrounds at 200m distance. The results of this study showed that children's playgrounds are not balanced in the city, increased in some districts, in some cases they are not within reachability limits and can not meet their needs.

In the last twenty years, the pork meat market in the United States was modified in many aspects including changes in concentration of the pig and pork production as well as on progress in the vertical coordination. The large production and the involvement of large capital does not allow producers to restrict production in a period of falling prices of pigs. As a result, fluctuations in supply, being the most important element of "hog cycle" is characterized by decreasing their amplitude. It is accompanied by changing of the cobwebs model from periodic to convergent fluctuations. However, regardless of small variations in production, pig prices are characterized by the same large amplitude fluctuations and their frequency as in previous decades. This happens due to two reasons. On the one hand, according to economic theory inelastic demand is accompanied by flexibility of prices. On the other hand, the pig prices are influenced by exchange rates of currencies with respect to dollar of the countries trading with the United States. Synopsis. W ostatnich dwudziestu latach rynek wieprzowiny w Stanach Zjednoczonych został poddany głębokim przemianom polegających na koncentracji podmiotów na wszystkich poziomach produkcji trzody i wieprzowiny oraz na postępie w koordynacji pionowej. Duża skala produkcji i zaangażowanie dużego kapitału nie pozwalają producentom na ograniczanie produkcji w okresie spadku cen trzody. W rezultacie wahania podaży, a więc najistotniejszy element w mechanizmie „cyklu świńskiego” charakteryzuje się malejącą amplitudą wahań. Oznacza to zmianę modelu pajęczyny z periodycznego na model wahań zbieżnych. Pomimo relatywnie małych wahań produkcji, ceny trzody cechuje tak samo duża amplituda wahań i częstość ich występowania jak w poprzednich dziesięcioleciach. Dzieje się tak, z dwu powodów. Z jednej strony zgodnie z teorią ekonomii usztywnionemu popytowi towarzyszy giętkość cen. Z drugiej strony na ceny trzody wpływ mają także kursy dolara do walut krajów, z którymi Stany Zjednoczone prowadzą handel zagraniczny.

Çalışmanın amacı, Erzurum’da ikamet eden tüketicilerin menşe işaretli Karnavas Dut Pekmezi tüketim tercihleri ve satın alma modellerini etkileyen temel faktörlere dayalı bütünsel pazarlama stratejilerini belirlemektir. Çalışmanın ana materyali, Erzurum ilinde ikamet eden ve Karnavas Dut Pekmezi tüketen 401 hane halkı ile yapılan anket çalışmasından elde edilen birincil verilerden oluşmaktadır. Elde edilen verileri dikkate alarak; satın alma kararı üzerinde etkili olan ana faktörlerin belirlenmesinde Temel Bileşenler Analizi (PCA) ve tüketicilerin tüketim sıklıklarına göre grupların oluşturulmasında İki Aşamalı Kümeleme Analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları; Karnavas Dut Pekmezi’ni yoğun ve ılımlı düzeyde tüketen kullanıcılar sırasıyla doğrudan pazarlama yaklaşımları altında kırsal kalkınmaya katkı sağlamak için menşe etiketli bütünsel kalite ve geleneksel üretim metotlarından sağlanan duyusal kalite niteliklerini dikkate alan yerel markalı genişletilmiş ve gerçek mamul imajlarının perakende seviyesinde konumlandırılmasının gerekliliğine işaret etmişlerdir. Diğer taraftan düşük düzeyde kullanıcılar ise, geleneksel üretim metotları ve hedonik kalite yaklaşımını uygulayan yerel markalı gerçek mamul imajları altında mamullerin konumlandırılması ve tutundurma karması ile yayılım etkisinin artacağı üzerine odaklanmışlardır. Bu yüzden her bir segmentteki kullanıcıların ihtiyaç ve istekleri dikkate alınarak, onların fayda beklentileri ile mamul imajlarına göre konumlandırma ve tutundurma stratejileri uygulanabilir.

Abstract Alternatives to good quality forages for animal feeding include small grain cereals such as triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), which presents environmental tolerance and acceptable nutritional value. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the forage yield, the chemical composition and in vitro gas production of three varieties of triticale (UAEMex, Bicentennial and Siglo XXI), by two conservation method (ensiled or hay). A completely randomized design with three replicates per treatment was used. The Siglo XXI variety got more forage (P < 0.0001) in both fresh and dry matter than the other treatments. There were differences (P < 0.05) between varieties, UAEMex presenting higher content of organic matter (OM 906 g/kg DM) and crude protein (CP, 156 g/kg DM) (P < 0.05), and Bicentennial and Siglo XXI presenting higher content acid detergent lignin (ADL, 72.3 ± 0.3 g/ kg DM). Higher quantities of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ADL in the hay method (P < 0.05) were observed compared to the silage method. The hay preservation method produced higher values for digestible OM (OMD, 838 g/kg DM), metabolizable energy (ME,MJ/kg DM) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in comparison with silage. The variety UAEMex had higher OMD, ME, GY24h and SCFA than the other treatments. Siglo XXI and the silage method showed higher milk yield (kg milk/ ha) (P < 0.005). It was concluded that the triticale variety Siglo XXI was superior to the other varieties by their forage and milk yield potential production, the silage conservation method presented greater fermentation than hay treatment. | Resumen Las alternativas a los forrajes de buena calidad para la alimentación animal incluyen cereales de grano pequeño como el triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), que presenta tolerancia ambiental y valor nutricional aceptable. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron evaluar el rendimiento de forraje, la composición química y la producción de gas in vitro de tres variedades de triticale (UAEMex, Bicentenario y Siglo XXI), por dos métodos de conservación (ensilado o heno). Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con tres repeticiones por tratamiento. La variedad Siglo XXI obtuvo más forraje (P <0.0001) en materia fresca y en materia seca con respecto al resto. Hubo diferencias (P <0.05) entre variedades, UAEMex presentó mayor contenido de materia orgánica (MO 906 g / kg MS) y proteína cruda (PC, 156 g / kg MS) (P <0.05), y Bicentenario y Siglo XXI presentaron mayor contenido de lignina ácido detergente (LAD, 72.3 ±0.3 g / kg MS). Se observaron cantidades superiores de materia seca (MS), fibra detergente neutro (FND) y LAD en el heno (P <0.05) en comparación con el ensilaje. El método de preservación del heno produjo valores superiores para la digestión de la MO (MOD, 838 g / kg de MS), la energía metabolizable (EM Mj/kg MS) y los ácidos grasos de cadena corta (SCFA) en comparación con el ensilado. La variedad UAEMex fue superior para la MOD, EM, GY24h y SCFA con respecto al resto. Las variedases Siglo XXI y el método de ensilaje mostraron mayor producción de leche (kg de leche / ha) (P <0.005). Se concluyó que la variedad de triticale Siglo XXI fue superior a las otras variedades por su producción potencial de forraje y producción de leche, el método de conservación de ensilaje presentó mayor fermentación con respecto al heno.

Bu araştırmada, Koçaş Tarım İşletmesinde yetiştirilen Siyah Alaca ineklerin süt verim özellikleri incelenmiştir. Bu özelliklere ait fenotipik ve genotipik parametre tahminleri yapılmıştır. İncelenen özelliklere ait en küçük kareler ortalaması laktasyon süt verimi, 305 gün süt verimi, laktasyon süresi ve kuruda kalma süresi sırasıyla; 7046,18 kg, 6588,38 kg, 327,37 gün ve 67,48 gün, olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yine aynı özelliklere ait kalıtım dereceleri ise sırasıyla; 0,25, 0,26, 0,07, 0,03 ve 0,30 olarak tahmin edilmiştir. Yılın, mevsimin ve laktasyon sırasının laktasyon süt verimi, 305 gün süt verimi ve laktasyon süresi üzerine etkisi ile kuruda kalma özelliği üzerine mevsimin ve laktasyon sırasının etkisi önemli bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonuçları, süt verim özellikleri bakımından Koçaş Tarım İşletmesi yetiştiricilik şartlarının iyi durumda ve işletme için hesaplanan genotipik parametrelerin de kabul edilebilir sınırlar içerisinde olduğunu göstermiştir.

Geosoil permite almacenar, consultar e interpretar información tanto del suelo como de su entorno biofísico a diferentes escalas: parcela, finca, comunidad, municipio, departamento, región, país. Opera a partir de una base de datos relacional elaborada en ACCES 2000, compuesta por una serie de tablas principales estructuradas con información a diferentes niveles jerárquicos que permiten la caracterización de las propiedades del suelo. Los elementos morfológicos y analíticos del suelo se combinan para conformar indicadores de calidad mediante un sistema de calificación que permite visualizar el grado y el número de limitaciones que podría tener un suelo para ser utilizado en agricultura. Además, posee módulos en los cuales el usuario puede: (a) adicionar o consultar características espaciales y de atributos del suelo; (b) visualizar la interpretación de los indicadores de calidad, agrupados en rangos de limitación (c) determinar la aptitud general del suelo para un cultivo específico mediante la comparación entre oferta (suelo) vs. demanda (requerimientos del cultivo); (d) calcular necesidades de fertilización; (e) generar reportes de la variabilidad en profundidad de algunas características, para uno o más suelos; (f) cartografiar los resultados mediante un link con el SIG MapMaker y (g) visualizar mapas de variabilidad espacial y/o temporal (isolíneas) de la variable utilizada como indicador. ABSTRACT The System Georeferenced of soil quality indicators for the savannas of Colombia. Geosoil allows to as much store, to consult and to process data of the soil as of his biophysics surroundings on different scales: parcel, property, community, municipality, department, region, and country. It operates from a relational database elaborated in ACCES 2000, composed by a series of structured main tables with information at different hierarchic levels that they allow the characterization of the properties of the soil. The morphologic and analytical elements of the ground are combined to conform indicators of quality by means of a qualification system that allows visualizing the degree and the number of limitations that could have a soil to be used in agriculture. In addition, it has modules in which the user can: (a) to add or to consult space characteristics and of attributes of the soil; (b) to visualize the interpretation of the quality indicators, grouped in limitation ranks; (c) to determine the general aptitude of the soil for a specific culture by means of the comparison between supply (soil) versus demands (requirements of the culture); (d) to calculate the fertilization necessities (e) to generate reports of the variability in depth of some characteristics, for one or more soil; (f) to map the results by means of a link with the MapMaker GIS (g) to visualize maps of space and/or temporary variability (isolines) of the variable used like indicator. Key words: indicators, soil quality, Geographical Information Systems, soil database, land degradation and land evaluation, savannas.