Phthalate esters (PAEs) are synthetic compounds, commonly used as plasticizers and softeners in plastic material production, and they are recognized as endocrine-disrupting chemicals. This study was focused on monitoring the extent of PAEs migration in vacuum-packaged Kashar cheeses and plastic materials used in their packaging. A total of fifteen cheese samples were tested for PAEs, including benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP). The quantification (LOQ) and detection (LOD) limits varied between 0.197 to 0.619 µg/mL and 0.059 to 0.185 µg/mL for all analytes, respectively. All phthalate ester concentrations in both of the cheese samples and their packaging materials were below the detectable level LOQ of the analytical method. FTIR spectra also confirmed that the packaging materials which consisted of polypropylene and polyethylene.

The study aimed to evaluate the pH, water activity (aw), residual nitrite, lactic acid bacteria, Micrococcus/Staphylococcus, Enterobacteriaceae and yeast-mould in fermented sausage samples from different firms. A total of 30 sucuk and 30 heat-treated sucuk samples were taken from 10 different brands with different batch numbers. According to analysis results, all samples, with the exception of some heat-treated sucuk samples from one brand, provided pH values that were within the permitted limit of regulation. For sucuk, mean aw value of only one brand was below 0.90, while aw values for heat-treated sucuk were in the range of 0.928 to 0.957. All samples had residual nitrite levels less than 15 mg/kg (in the range of 7.84-14.80 mg/kg). Yeast-mould and Enterobacteriaceae numbers were often below <2 log cfu/g. The number of Staphylococcus and Micrococcus showed a wide variation in both products which was <2 - 5.96 log cfu/g for sucuk and <2 - 7.85 log cfu/g for heat-treated sucuk. Lactic acid bacteria counts varied between 2-<4.0 log cfu/g in 40% of heat-treated sucuk samples. In sucuk, the number of lactic acid bacteria was <6 log cfu/g in 23.33% of the samples, and 6-<8 log cfu/g in 50% of the samples.

Toprak toplulaştırması terimi ilk olarak on dördüncü yüzyılda Almanya’da kullanılmasına rağmen toprak parçalılığını çözmek üzere uygulamaya geçirilmesi on sekizinci ve on dokuzuncu yüzyılda olmuştur. Geleneksel olarak uygulanma biçimi aslen toprak parçalılığı sorununu çözmek olan toprak toplulaştırmasının amacı, kapsamı ve işlevi zamanla genişlemiştir. Modern uygulama biçimleri tarım, çevre, kırsal peyzaj ve köylerin yenilenmesi gibi daha geniş bir yelpazeye yayılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, toprak toplulaştırmasının tarihsel süreçte geçirdiği evrim ve bu evrimle birlikte amaç, kapsam ve işlevlerindeki farklılaşmanın kırsal kalkınma ve sürdürülebilirliğe etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma, toplulaştırma uygulamalarının amaçlarının zamanla kırsal kalkınma araçlarına dönüştüğünü ortaya koymaktadır. Böylece toprak toplulaştırması, kırsal kalkınmayı sağlayacak önlemlerin yerine getirilmesi aracı olarak kırsal kalkınmayı ve sürdürülebilirliği destekleyen uygulamaları ortaya çıkarmıştır.

Vegetables grown in mining areas can accumulate significant amounts of heavy metals (HMs), which can cause serious developmental disorders and have long-term negative effects on public health. In the present study, the HMs contamination level in vegetables grown around the Riruwai mining area in Kano State, Nigeria, was investigated. Fifteen (15) vegetable samples were collected, including lettuce (Lacuta sativa L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), as well as their corresponding soils. The levels of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in all the samples were determined using Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, and the measured concentrations were used to calculate the bioaccumulation factor (BAF). The results of the study revealed that HMs concentrations in the investigated vegetables were found to be significantly high, with the majority of levels exceeding the WHO/FAO (2007) recommended limit, and the concentration of HMs in the soil decreased in the order of Zn > Mn > Cr > Pb > As > Ni > Cd > Hg, with As, Pb, and Zn exceeding the WHO/FAO (2001) recommended limit. Pollution levels were found to significantly differ between HMs and vegetable types. BAF results revealed that cadmium is an accumulator of all the studied vegetables (BAFs > 1), while mercury was found to be an accumulator of L. sativa. Higher concentrations of these metals in vegetables and soil, particularly arsenic, cadmium, lead, and zinc, necessitate immediate scientific attention and further research to determine the optimum concentration required for human health. Planting of vegetables for human and animal consumption should be stopped until this is accomplished.

Boyutları 1-100 nm arasında değişen organik ve inorganik yapılar olan nanoparçacıklar, günlük hayatımızın bir parçası olup, tarım, çevre ve tıp gibi alanlarda büyük ilgi görmektedir. Metal nanoparçacıklar arasında optik, elektriksel ve antimikrobiyal özelliklere sahip olan gümüş nanoparçacıklar (AgNP'ler) en fazla araştırılan ve kullanılan parçacıklardır. Günümüzde ileri gıda teknolojisi uygulamalarında, gıdaların besin içeriğini geliştirmek ve raf ömrünü uzatarak gıda bileşenlerinin veya nihai gıda ürününün stabilitesini artırmak amacıyla nanoparçacık ve nanoparçacık içerikli katkı maddelerinden yararlanılmaktadır. AgNP’ler, benzersiz özellikleri sayesinde patojenik mikrobiyal aktiviteye karşı mücadelede ve gıda endüstrisinde mevcut problemlerin çözümünde lider olarak görülmektedir. AgNP’ler, geniş bir patojenik bakteri spektrumunun yanı sıra antibiyotiğe dirençli bakterilerin antimikrobiyal aktivitelerini yavaşlatma konusunda da güçlü bir etkiye sahiptir. Bu derlemede, gümüş nanoparçacıkların üretiminde kullanılan fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik yöntemler, parçacıkların fonksiyonları ve etki mekanizmaları, gümüş nanoparçacıkların et ve et ürünlerinde ve onların yeni nesil paketleme sistemlerinde koruyucu olarak kullanımı ayrıntılı olarak sunulmaktadır.

Paucity of knowledge on resistant variety, high yield loss ranging from 32- 57% and dearth of knowledge on management of Alternaria leaf spot has been the major concerns in radish production in the world. Our study will aid in multiplication and standardization of the germane variety of radish resistant to Alternaria leaf spot disease so as to escalate the production, productivity, and the competitiveness in the domestic as well as in the international market. Hence, this experiment was rendered to screen the radish genotypes against Alternaria leaf spot disease in Western Nepal in 2021. Seven genotypes namely Sparkle white F1 hybrid, Korean cross, Palak-patta 35, Pyuthane red, 40 days, Geeta 33, and Mino early were used as the treatment and experiment was laid out in one factorial RCBD design. Each treatment was assigned with 8 plants for observation with 3 replications per treatment. Parameters like days to appearance of disease, incidence of disease on seedling, disease severity (3 scorings), mean score of disease, mean AUDPC and reaction of genotypes were measured during the experiment. Our study unveiled highly significant result for the days to appearance of disease, disease severity, mean score of disease and AUDPC among the genotypes of radish. Alternaria leaf spot first appeared in Pyuthane red (18.33 days) while appeared late in Mino early. Disease severity was found harsh in 40 days at each scoring (57.33, 64.67 and 70.33 respectively); on the contrary severity was minor in Sparkle white at each scoring (26.67, 35 and 44.17 respectively). Similarly, the highest MDS (3.4) and AUDPC (449.8) was found in 40 days, whereas the lowest MDS (1.7) and AUDPC (246.5) was observed in Sparkle white. Ultimately, it is contended that 40 days was found to be moderately susceptible variety while other varieties were found to be moderately resistant.

An experiment was conducted during Kharif-1 of 2022 at Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Substation, Satkhira to know the effect of foliar application of micronutrients (zinc and boron) on the growth and yield of mungbean. There were three levels of zinc (Zn) (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%) and boron (B) (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%) along with a blanket dose of urea (35 kg ha-1, triple super phosphate (TSP) (80 kg ha-1), murite of potash (MoP) (40 kg ha-1) and Sulphur (60 kg ha-1). The growth and yield of mungbean was significantly affected by foliar application of different levels of Zn and B. Results revealed that foliar application of Zn at the rate of 0.6% and at the rate of B 0.6% along with recommended dose at 45 days after sowing increases the branches/plant, fresh weight (g), dry weight (g), chlorophyll content, flower/plant, pod/plant, seed/pod thereby increase seed yield. Therefore, the foliar spray of 0.6% Zn significantly increased and influenced 1000 seed weight (g), decreased days to flowering, increased number of seed/pod and yield ton/ha along with blanket dose of Urea, TSP, MoP, gypsum might be considered as suitable dose for mungbean production in southern region of Bangladesh.

While shellfish species are widely consumed due to their nutritional advantages, they are also among the top eight food items for food-borne allergies. Five distinct thermal processing techniques were applied to the crustacean to investigate the tropomyosin level variations caused by heat processing. Fresh shrimp and prawns were utilized as controls for the determination of allergen-encoding genes. Prior to molecular analysis, the proximate composition and acidity of raw and processed samples were also performed. The yield and purity of DNA were also determined. Melting curve and gel electrophoresis tests verified the existence of allergen-coding genes. Thermal processing procedures affected the proximate composition, particularly the total protein and fat concentrations, according to the findings. Following the heat treatment, the pH levels decreased, particularly in the grilled samples. There were also significant differences in the quantity and quality of the extracted DNA. Regardless of crustacean species, the tropomyosin-encoding gene was detected in both fried and grilled samples. These findings demonstrated that RT-PCR identification and validation of the crustacean allergy gene by gel electrophoresis might be a reliable approach for the thermally treated shrimp and prawn samples. This study shows that investigating the allergen coding gene might provide a viable way for detecting food-borne allergens in other thermally processed food items, which are becoming more concerned about food safety.

Dietary diversity became a global concern in improving health conditions through the habit of food group consumption by adding health dimension to the issue of food calorie consumption. Access to nutritionally adequate and good quality diet is essential to human health, productivity and work output. However, despite the various concerns by governments all over the world on ensuring that every household can at least provide three square meals per day, food insecurity continues to be a major development problem across the globe. This study assessed the effect of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on households’ dietary diversity in Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 265 households. Data was collected using well-structured questionnaire. The analytical techniques were; Descriptive statistics, Dietary Diversity index and Z-Statistics Test. Gender, age, household size, education, marital status, cooperative membership and access to credit were the socioeconomic characteristics described. Result indicate that 86% of the households had low food dietary diversity while 14% of the households had high food dietary diversity before and after the pandemic lockdown. Similarly, 18% of the households had low calorie consumption while 82% of the households had high dietary diversity before and after the pandemic lockdown. Cereals, legumes/grains, oils/fat, roots and tubers, sugar and honey and meats were the most common food consumed by the households daily before and after the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Result further indicate that the pandemic lockdown had effect on the dietary diversity and food consumption patterns of the urban households. It can be concluded that the understanding of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on dietary diversity and food consumption patterns of households is important in developing policy measures such as social safety nets, home feeding programmes, the school feeding programme, conditional cash transfers schemes and improved marketing channels that will help mitigate against households falling into food insecurity during similar pandemic in the future.

Yapılan çalışmada, iç mekân tasarımının kurumsal kimlik ilkesiyle nitelikli hale getirilmesi hedeflenerek eğitim mekânlarında, duvar yüzeyi tasarımının yapılması, uygulanması ve böylece belirlenen örneklem alanlarının iç mekân tasarımıyla kurumsal kimliği kapsayıcı şekilde kullanıcıya kazandırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada materyal olarak Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü ve Selçuk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi’nin girişinde bulunan duvar yüzeyleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın metodunda, literatür araştırması yapılarak iç mimarlık disiplini üzerinden kurumsal kimlik ve eğitim mekânlarına odaklanılmıştır. Sonrasında örneklem alanlarını sürekli kullanan personel ve öğrencilerin görüş ve önerileri alınarak gözlem ve analizlerde bulunulmuştur. Buna bağlı olarak ele alınan eğitim mekânlarının girişlerinde kurumsal kimliği logo ile temsil eden, odaklayıcı aydınlatmalarla pekiştirilmiş, gelen misafir ve öğrencilerin fotoğraf çekinebilecekleri duvar yüzeylerinin olması gerektiği gözlemlenmiştir. Edinilen verilere göre, materyal olarak ele alınan eğitim mekânlarının kurumsal kimliğine göre duvar yüzeyi tasarımı yapılmış ve uygulanmıştır. Tasarımın uygulanmasından sonra, yerinde gözlem ve analizlere dayanarak personel ve öğrencilerin kuruma karşı aidiyetlik duygusunun geliştiği, gelen misafirlerin ve mezunların günümüzde yaygın olarak gerçekleştirilen fotoğraf çekme eyleminde bulunarak kurumun tanınırlığını arttırdığı, tasarımı yapılan duvar yüzeyinin ait olduğu mekâna kazandırılarak aktif hale geldiği görülmektedir.