A total of 200 cattle of all age groups and sex were examined from various villages of Taunsa Sharif District Dera Ghazi Khan. The prevalence of babesiosis in cattle was investigated. The association between age, gender, season and prevalence rate are investigated by regression analysis. Blood samples were collected from tail vein of cattle in a tube containing EDTA. The collected samples were dispatched to Civil Veterinary Hospital, Taunsa Sharif for microscopic examination. Thin and thick blood smears were prepared and smears were stained by using Giemsa's staning technique. The smears were examined under microscope for the identification of Babesia. Out of these 200 samples, 70 samples were identified as positive for Babesiosis. Overall prevalence of babesiosis in these areas was recorded as 35 percent. The study was conducted during summer months (May 01, 2014 to August 29, 2014).

The objective of the present study was to identify the physico-chemical differences between experimentally fraudulent cheeses and those produced exclusively with cow and buffalo milk and to sensorially assess the consumer's perception of these products. Three types of cheese were produced using buffalo milk and cow milk as raw materials at different proportions, and total lipids were analysed; protein ash, moisture and carbohydrate contents were measured; energy values were determined; and affective sensory and purchase intent analyses were performed. The results indicated that 57 percent and 59 percent of the judges, respectively, reported liking the colour and texture of the mixed cheese very much and that they would certainly buy it. Regarding the composition, the fraudulent cheese had a lower energy value compared to the cow and buffalo cheeses and that the protein content of the fraudulent cheese was lower than that of the buffalo cheese. There were no significant differences in the carbohydrate or fat contents among the analysed products. Compared with the cow cheese, the mixed cheese and buffalo cheese had higher moisture contents. It was concluded that although the mixed cheese presented significant physico-chemical differences, it was considered acceptable product because consumers showed intent to purchase the mixed cheese.

A Nili Ravi buffalo distress with dystocia due to simultaneous engagement of twins (two male) cause impaction of maternal pelvis. Both foetuses delivered live through obstetrical manoeuvres per-vaginal.

Bovine herpes mammillitis is a disease of cows and buffaloes associated with bovine herpes mammillitis virus 2 and characterized clinically by successive appearance of plaques, vesicles ulcers and scabs on teats and udder. Vesicle formation, a characteristic feature of early stages of the disease in cow is either absent or occurs rarely in dairy buffaloes. The disease is worldwide in distribution but has not been reported from Pakistan. This is despite the fact that one clinical form of the disease (colloquially known as Gulwaddee in Punjabi) has been observed by most of the seasoned Pakistani veterinary practitioners. Most cows and buffaloes are affected by latent and sub-clinical form of the disease and only a few infected animals develop its clinical form. Stress of calving, udder edema and hormonal changes close to calving are important predisposing factors. The condition is usually sporadic although outbreaks have also been documented. It is more prevalent in cows and buffaloes in their first lactation. The causative virus multiplies at a temperature lower than the temperature of the rest of the body. Therapeutic interventions that can be used for the treatment of bovine herpes mammillits include debridement of the scab covered lesion, topical and parenteral administration of antibiotics, topical administration of lysine/propolis, topical and oral administration of acyclovir (an anti-herpes virus drug), oral administration of zinc sulphate and other immunity enhancing agents and parenteral administration of antihistamine and anti-inflammatory drugs. Therapeutic interventions proposed for future research include investigation of the oral use of zinc sulpahte, local infiltration of acyclovir into the lesions and use of infrared lamp to increase the temperature of the lesion. No vaccine is currently available recommended control and prevention measures include biosecurity, prevention and proper treatment of udder edema, insect control and milking time hygiene.

Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS) caused by Pasteurella multocidaserotype B:2 is an economically important disease of cattle and buffaloes, which causes heavy economic losses due to sudden death of animals in developing countries like Pakistan. In this country, animals were being vaccinated by alum (adjuvant) precipitated vaccine twice a year. Immunity induced through this prophylactic measure lasts for 3 to 4 months only, which reflect an un-protective state of the animals between two vaccinations. A new HS oil based vaccine has been developed by adding an adjuvant Montanide ISA-50V2 with the ratio of 1:1. The bacterial dry weight has been adjusted to 2 mg/ml which results in to reduction of dose per animal from 5 ml (alum precipitated) to 2 ml. The addition of enrichments and aeration (sparging and vortexing) has resulted in dense bacterial growth of Pasteurella multocida. The new vaccine has passed sterility, safety and potency tests as per OIE, 2017. This new product has low viscosity and single shot is expected to confer solid immunity against HS for one year. Active Mouse Protection Test, Passive Mouse Protection test and Indirect Haem-Agglutination Tests have been used to evaluate its potency. Properties like easy to inject with no side effects such as swelling at the injection site, have motivated the livestock owners to use this new product to protect their animals against fatal HS disease which will ultimately result in the increased productivity of livestock in Punjab, Pakistan.

Ticks are one of the important vectors of zoonoses and are major constraint to livestock farming. The present study was carried at East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India, during October 2016 to May 2017 to determine the prevalence of tick infestation on buffaloes. Examination of ticks collected from 420 buffaloes of house hold, organised and unorganised dairy farms from different villages of district revealed 29.52 percent of tick infestation in the study area. Exclusively Haemaphysalis species was identified by processing of ticks in 10 percent KOH solution by standard parasitological technique. Among different age groups the higher rate of prevalence (10.24 percent) was noticed in LT= 6 months followed by 8.09 percent in 6 months to 1 year, 5.48 percent in 1 to 2 years and 5.71 percent in GT= 2 years of age group animals. Statistically there was a significant difference (chi square =16.97, P=0.0007) between the age groups with respect to prevalence of ticks in buffaloes. Subsequently animals were treated with two subcutaneous injections of ivermectin at 200 micro g/ kg four days apart. Farther owners were also advised spraying of animal sheds and its surroundings with Amitraz 12.5 percent emulsifiable concentration. The results of the present study is suggestive of the poor animal husbandry practices pursued by the farmers of the study area which are to be addressed by following appropriate control strategies considering the epidemiology of ticks.

The Myxovirus resistance protein 2 of Homo sapiens is well characterized in terms of structure and function but very little is known about myxovirus resistance protein 2 (Mx2) of Bubalus bubalis. Although a few functions of buffalo Mx2 protein are known, its structural characteristics have still remained unclear. In the present study, buffalo Mx2 protein was characterized by defining its possible structure and functions using several online and offline computational tools. Besides the physico-chemical characteristics, various post translational modifications, localization, possible domains and interactions with other probable proteins were predicted using its amino acid sequence. In addition to the secondary structure, the three-dimensional structure was predicted using I-TASSER homology modelling server and a refined model was constructed in Modeller. The refined model manifested acceptable quality and stereochemistry on validation with different programs. Furthermore, a phylogenetic analysis of the protein was done and Mx2 protein of buffalo was found to have a common ancestry with that of other bovidae family members. These curated observations might provide a sound foundation for further structural and functional characterization of buffalo Mx2 protein.

Congenital apocrine gland adenoma of tail on ventral aspect in between 2nd and 6th coccygeal vertebrae is reported in an infant buffalo calf. The histological findings are also discussed.

In present case report, a rare case of dystocia due to bull dog calf monster in Murrah buffalo and its successful pervaginal management is described.

The present study was designed to investigate the incidence of retention of fetal membranes (RFM) on 605 buffaloes at 2nd to 5th calving with normal calving, premature birth and abortion. The normally calved buffaloes with retention of fetal membranes (after 12 h) were randomly classified in treatment (n = 6) and control (n = 6) groups. The buffaloes in treatment group were administered Dinoprost (PGF2 alpha analogue, 25 mg), Meloxicam (anti-inflammatory drug 0.5 mg/kg body weight,), Oxytetracycline (Broadspectrum antibiotics, 5 mg/kg body weight) intramuscularly and intravenous calcium therapy (Calcium gluconate, 1.86 percent w/v, Magnesium hypophosphite, 5 percent w/v, Dextrose anhydrous, 20 percent w/v, Chlorocresol 0.1 percent w/v, 450 ml) after 12 after calving. The incidence of retention of fetal membranes in buffaloes was 9.98 percent, 34.61 percent and 46.87 percent in normal calving, premature birth and abortion, respectively. The overall incidence of RFM was 14.04 percent. There was significant rise in the level of calcium (P LT 0.01), phosphorus (P LT 0.05) and magnesium (P LT 0.05) on day 30 and day 45 in treatment than control group. However, there was no significant difference observed in level of glucose, NEFA and progesterone between treatment and control group on day 0, 30 and 45. RFM is considered as one of the major problem with higher incidence in premature birth and abortions by ultimately affecting the reproductive efficiency in buffaloes.