One of the needs of a sustainable decision-making system in agriculture is to determine the role of energy in the food production cycle. Wind energy turbines can be built in agricultural fields for groundwater exploitation and reduce the cost of energy supply for the pumping system. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of wind energy and economics on sustainable planning of agricultural water resources. A multiobjective framework was developed based on the nondominated sorting principle and water cycle optimizer. Maximization of benefit per cost ratio for the total cropping pattern and minimization of energy consumption for the growing season were addressed as the objectives of the nonlinear problem. The prediction of biomass production was made by simulating a hybrid structure between the soil moisture balance in the root zone area and the development of the canopy cover of each crop. The results showed that the objectives of the problem have been met by irrigation planning using climatic constraints and drought stresses. About 35% of the total water requirement of plants with a higher harvest index (watermelon, melon, etc.) is in the maturing stage of the shade cover. HIGHLIGHTS The role of wind energy variables has been considered in the agricultural yield production.; A multiobjective framework was developed based on the nondominated sorting principle and water cycle optimizer.; The proposed optimization method showed that the total water productivity increased significantly by 38%.;

One of the needs of a sustainable decision-making system in agriculture is to determine the role of energy in the food production cycle. Wind energy turbines can be built in agricultural fields for groundwater exploitation and reduce the cost of energy supply for the pumping system. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of wind energy and economics on sustainable planning of agricultural water resources. A multiobjective framework was developed based on the nondominated sorting principle and water cycle optimizer. Maximization of benefit per cost ratio for the total cropping pattern and minimization of energy consumption for the growing season were addressed as the objectives of the nonlinear problem. The prediction of biomass production was made by simulating a hybrid structure between the soil moisture balance in the root zone area and the development of the canopy cover of each crop. The results showed that the objectives of the problem have been met by irrigation planning using climatic constraints and drought stresses. About 35% of the total water requirement of plants with a higher harvest index (watermelon, melon, etc.) is in the maturing stage of the shade cover. HIGHLIGHTS The role of wind energy variables has been considered in the agricultural yield production.; A multiobjective framework was developed based on the nondominated sorting principle and water cycle optimizer.; The proposed optimization method showed that the total water productivity increased significantly by 38%.;

The LISFLOOD-EPIC European setup has now successfully run for the reference 1990-2018 scenario, for single and combined water saving measure scenarios. In this study, five water (policy) saving measures are considered, i.e., efficiency scenarios in irrigation, leakage in the urban water supply, re-using treated wastewater, reducing energy water withdrawals and desalination. This creates a big challenge when it comes to comparisons between the what-if and the reference scenarios because of the complexity of the issue and the lack of a single performance index that can show how much better or worse a scenario is, compared to another. The Water Exploitation Index Plus (WEI+) indicator is used to estimate the impact of water saving measures on water scarcity. It is calculated for the consumption of water and is defined as the ratio of the total water net consumption divided by the available freshwater resources in a region including upstream inflowing water. The differences in WEI+ between a reference scenario and the proposed measure or measures, is a clear indication of the improvement this measure is capable of achieving as a percentage of the total water availability. Therefore, in this report, the results focus on the differences in WEI+ values, rather than on absolute values. The results showed that the scenarios with combined measures are the most effective, and future work will focus to estimate if this improvement will be sufficient to tackle water scarcity issues if climate change is also taken into account. | JRC.D.2 - Ocean and Water

The OECD predicts there will be 9 billion people on Earth by 2050. At the same time, it is anticipated that global water needs will rise by 55%, energy consumption by 80%, and food production by 60%, all of which could have an impact on land use patterns. In light of these forecasts, the importance of the Water Energy Food (WEF) nexus thinking is needed more than ever. In this symposium, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art, gaps and advances in WEF nexus research. We invited well-known keynotes and prominent early-career scientists to cover a wide range of topics including water and carbon footprints, the role of forests and food waste, governance, and many more. Sounds interesting? Then see you in November!

Metodologia Quantitativa para Análise do Nexo Água-Energia-Alimento em Bacias Hidrográficas sob Cenários Históricos e Futuros     TAMIRES LIMA DA SILVA1; RODRIGO MÁXIMO SÁNCHEZ ROMÁN2;  HESSAM S. SARJOUGHIAN3 E MOSTAFA D. FARD4   1 Engenharia rural e socioeconomia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Botucatu, Av. Universitária, 3780, Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, [email protected] 2 Engenharia rural e socioeconomia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Botucatu, Av. Universitária, 3780, Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, [email protected] 3 Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University (ASU), S Mill Avenue, 699, 85287-8809, Tempe, AZ, Estados Unidos da América, [email protected] 4 Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University (ASU), S Mill Avenue, 699, 85287-8809, Tempe, AZ, Estados Unidos da América, [email protected]     1 RESUMO   O uso integrado de recursos hídricos, energéticos e alimentares é essencial para a gestão sustentável de bacias hidrográficas. Este estudo desenvolveu uma metodologia quantitativa para modelar o nexo água-energia-alimento (AEA) em bacias hidrográficas, considerando tanto condições históricas quanto projeções futuras. A metodologia proposta utiliza modelos criados nos programas “Water Evaluation and Planning” System (WEAP) e “Low Emissions Analysis Platform” (LEAP), os quais foram acoplados para troca de dados por meio do WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework. Para exemplificar o uso da metodologia, foi realizada uma aplicação nas bacias hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí (PCJ). Os resultados demonstraram que a ferramenta permite a simulação do nexo AEA, oferecendo suporte valioso para o planejamento sustentável dos recursos presentes nas bacias PCJ, podendo contribuir com o alcance dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS). Recomenda-se a aplicação do framework em diferentes contextos regionais para ampliar sua validação e aplicabilidade.   Palavras-chave: WEAP, LEAP, WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework, nexo AEA.     SILVA, T. L.; SÁNCHEZ-ROMÁN, R. M.; SARJOUGHIAN, H. S.; FARD, M. D. QUANTITATIVE METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYZING THE WATER-ENERGY-FOOD NEXUS IN RIVER BASINS UNDER HISTORICAL AND FUTURE SCENARIOS     2 ABSTRACT   The integrated use of water, energy, and food resources is essential for the sustainable management of river basins. This study developed a quantitative methodology to model the water‒energy‒food (WEF) nexus in river basins, considering both historical conditions and future projections. The proposed methodology uses models created in the “Water Evaluation and Planning” System (WEAP) and “Low Emissions Analysis Platform” (LEAP) programs, which were coupled for data exchange through the WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework. To exemplify the use of the methodology, an application was carried out in the Piracicaba, Capivarí and Jundiaí (PCJ) river basins. The results showed that the tool allows the WEF nexus to be simulated, offering valuable support for the sustainable planning of the resources present in the PCJ basins, and can contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is recommended that the framework be applied in different regional contexts to expand its validation and applicability.   Keywords: WEAP, LEAP, WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework, WEF nexus. | Metodologia Quantitativa para Análise do Nexo Água-Energia-Alimento em Bacias Hidrográficas sob Cenários Históricos e Futuros     TAMIRES LIMA DA SILVA1; RODRIGO MÁXIMO SÁNCHEZ ROMÁN2;  HESSAM S. SARJOUGHIAN3 E MOSTAFA D. FARD4   1 Engenharia rural e socioeconomia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Botucatu, Av. Universitária, 3780, Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, [email protected] 2 Engenharia rural e socioeconomia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Botucatu, Av. Universitária, 3780, Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, [email protected] 3 Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University (ASU), S Mill Avenue, 699, 85287-8809, Tempe, AZ, Estados Unidos da América, [email protected] 4 Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University (ASU), S Mill Avenue, 699, 85287-8809, Tempe, AZ, Estados Unidos da América, [email protected]     1 RESUMO   O uso integrado de recursos hídricos, energéticos e alimentares é essencial para a gestão sustentável de bacias hidrográficas. Este estudo desenvolveu uma metodologia quantitativa para modelar o nexo água-energia-alimento (AEA) em bacias hidrográficas, considerando tanto condições históricas quanto projeções futuras. A metodologia proposta utiliza modelos criados nos programas “Water Evaluation and Planning” System (WEAP) e “Low Emissions Analysis Platform” (LEAP), os quais foram acoplados para troca de dados por meio do WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework. Para exemplificar o uso da metodologia, foi realizada uma aplicação nas bacias hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí (PCJ). Os resultados demonstraram que a ferramenta permite a simulação do nexo AEA, oferecendo suporte valioso para o planejamento sustentável dos recursos presentes nas bacias PCJ, podendo contribuir com o alcance dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS). Recomenda-se a aplicação do framework em diferentes contextos regionais para ampliar sua validação e aplicabilidade.   Palavras-chave: WEAP, LEAP, WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework, nexo AEA.     SILVA, T. L.; SÁNCHEZ-ROMÁN, R. M.; SARJOUGHIAN, H. S.; FARD, M. D. QUANTITATIVE METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYZING THE WATER-ENERGY-FOOD NEXUS IN RIVER BASINS UNDER HISTORICAL AND FUTURE SCENARIOS     2 ABSTRACT   The integrated use of water, energy, and food resources is essential for the sustainable management of river basins. This study developed a quantitative methodology to model the water‒energy‒food (WEF) nexus in river basins, considering both historical conditions and future projections. The proposed methodology uses models created in the “Water Evaluation and Planning” System (WEAP) and “Low Emissions Analysis Platform” (LEAP) programs, which were coupled for data exchange through the WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework. To exemplify the use of the methodology, an application was carried out in the Piracicaba, Capivarí and Jundiaí (PCJ) river basins. The results showed that the tool allows the WEF nexus to be simulated, offering valuable support for the sustainable planning of the resources present in the PCJ basins, and can contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is recommended that the framework be applied in different regional contexts to expand its validation and applicability.   Keywords: WEAP, LEAP, WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework, WEF nexus.

Cambodia has abundant water resources in general, but it has a little water in the dry season. The increased dry season rice farming in many provinces, following the increased rice export policy in Cambodia and the spill-over effects of rice trade in Vietnam has led to high demands for water for dry season rice farming. These have led to water shortage and conflicts over water among farmers in the farming provinces, and between sectors, for instance, fishery and rice farming. Irrigation system development and improvement have improved water management and support to agricultural development. Rice farming areas have been expanded to around 2 million ha and rice farming has been increased from one rice crop to three rice crops a year. These have increased the high demand of waters for rice farming

Cambodia has abundant water resources in general, but it has a little water in the dry season. The increased dry season rice farming in many provinces, following the increased rice export policy in Cambodia and the spill-over effects of rice trade in Vietnam has led to high demands for water for dry season rice farming. These have led to water shortage and conflicts over water among farmers in the farming provinces, and between sectors, for instance, fishery and rice farming. Irrigation system development and improvement have improved water management and support to agricultural development. Rice farming areas have been expanded to around 2 million ha and rice farming has been increased from one rice crop to three rice crops a year. These have increased the high demand of waters for rice farming

Cambodia has abundant water resources in general, but it has a little water in the dry season. The increased dry season rice farming in many provinces, following the increased rice export policy in Cambodia and the spill-over effects of rice trade in Vietnam has led to high demands for water for dry season rice farming. These have led to water shortage and conflicts over water among farmers in the farming provinces, and between sectors, for instance, fishery and rice farming. Irrigation system development and improvement have improved water management and support to agricultural development. Rice farming areas have been expanded to around 2 million ha and rice farming has been increased from one rice crop to three rice crops a year. These have increased the high demand of waters for rice farming

The inadequacy of water resources to meet the needs of food production is a very important issue that will increase in importance in the future. If local renewable water sources (in soil) and water (in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, aquifers) are sufficient to produce a reference food supply (including 3000 kcal of daily requirement, of which animal products include 20 percent) for all residents. If not, we consider a food production unit to have a lack of green-blue water. If it is not enough for all residents, we consider a food production unit to have a lack of green-blue water. The number of people living in food production units affected by green-blue water scarcity has increased from 360 million people in 1905 (21% of the world's population at that time) to 2.2 billion (34%) in 2005. During this period, the lack of green-blue water has spread to large areas and has increased in previous areas. Water security is a concept that is examined in different dimensions and aspects. Four dimensions of these cases were identified, each of which consists of two complementary aspects: direct-indirect, macro-micro, technical-political and peace-conflict. In this study, the indirect role of water on food security on a global scale was investigated using a quantitative spatial approach. Since food security is intertwined with water security in many ways, the role of water scarcity on the disruption of food production and the impact of trade on this interaction was analyzed, and while examining the relationship of social resilience with these issues, the areas that It was identified that they were facing certain challenges in this field. With this work, the concept of water security became systematic and finally related to the issues of vulnerability, resilience and sustainability.

This study evaluated the comprehensive Water-Energy-Food-Carbon Nexus (WEFC) by focusing on energy assessment in northwest Iran. The energy evaluation indices for different products were calculated by estimating the total input and output energies. Multi-objective optimization based on five individual objectives and WEFC Nexus policies was used to identify the optimal land-use allocation of wheat, barley, rapeseed, and sugar beet, silage corn, and potato while minimizing water and energy consumption and CO2 emissions, and maximizing food production and profit. The results indicate that the suggested framework provides a practical methodology for determining the optimal land-use allocation considering quantitative WEFC Nexus. To increase economic efficiency and reduce energy consumption, agricultural practices and policy recommendations should be adopted, including promoting renewable energy sources, implementing energy-saving technologies, improving fertilizer management, improving crop rotation practices, conservation tillage, and improving water management and adoption of sustainable farming practices. The results allow policymakers to optimize multiple resources and recommend the best resource allocation under recommendation policy, technology, and constraints to achieve sustainable development in agriculture.