El presente trabajo de investigación Efecto de la planta acuática flotante (Jacinto de agua) y sumergida (Helecho de agua) en el tratamiento de agua residual, procedente del lavadero de carros Viña del Río, Huánuco - Huánuco 2024, de la Universidad de Huánuco, tuvo por objetivo general; determinar el efecto de las plantas acuáticas flotante y sumergida en el tratamiento de agua residual con detergentes, procedente del lavadero de carros Viña del río, la metodología es de tipo de aplicada, enfoque cuantitativo, del alcance o nivel explicativo y diseño cuasi experimental. En el presente trabajo de investigación se tomó las muestras T0= que representa antes de realizar el tratamiento (muestra inicial) y T-A que representa al Jacinto de agua y T-B representa el Helecho de agua, para lo cual se utilizó 6 recipientes de 14 litros, durante 30 días calendarios. Los valores obtenidos del T1-A, T2-A y T3-A, correspondientes a la planta acuática flotante (Jacinto de agua), fueron de 0.018 (SAAM) con un pH de 5.5. Por otra parte, T1-B, T2-B y T3-B correspondientes a la planta acuática sumergida (Helecho de agua), muestran un resultado de 0.02 (SAAM) y un pH de 5. Se concluye que, la diferencia significativa en el porcentaje de remoción de detergentes entre las plantas flotantes (Jacinto de Agua= 0.018 mg SAAM/L) y sumergidas (Helecho de Agua= 0.020 mg SAAM/L) es de 0.002 mg SAAM/L, lo cual es muy pequeño, no hay una diferencia significativa en el porcentaje de remoción de detergentes entre las plantas acuáticas flotantes (Jacinto de agua) y sumergidas (Helecho de agua) en el tratamiento de agua residual proveniente del lavadero de carros Viña del Río, Huánuco, en el año 2024.

Variações espaço-temporais relacionadas com aspectos climáticos, assim como a padrões de cobertura e uso da terra, afetam os recursos hídricos, com a possibilidade de aumento ou diminuição do volume e degradação da qualidade de água, resultando em possíveis conflitos de uso do recurso. Assim, o levantamento da disponibilidade hídrica é importante para a análise do potencial de uso da água e autorização de outorgas para diversas finalidades de uso antrópico no âmbito da bacia. A seguir, são abordadas análises em termos de variação da vazão e da localização das outorgas de direito de uso da água na bacia.

En este trabajo se ha llevado a cabo la evaluación de la exposición y caracterización del riesgo del aporte de aniones nitrato (NO3 - ) y fluoruro (F - ) por el consumo de agua de abastecimiento de la isla de Tenerife. Para ello, se analizaron un total de 79 muestras de aguas de consumo procedentes de diferentes zonas de la isla. La cuantificación de los nitratos se realizó por espectrofotometría UV-Vis, indicando que la mayor concentración de aniones nitrato se encontró en el municipio de Puerto de La Cruz (48.56 mg/L de NO3 - ). En el caso de los fluoruros la cuantificación se realizó por potenciometría. Los municipios localizados al noroeste de la isla son los que tienden a presentar altos contenidos de fluoruros, siendo La Guancha (4.67 mg/L de F- ) y Los Silos (7.08 mg/L de F- ) los municipios más destacados, ya que exceden significativamente el límite paramétrico de 1.5 mg/L. La evaluación del riesgo se realizó a través de la relación entre la Ingesta Diaria Estimada (IDE) y los niveles superiores de ingesta tolerable (UL Upper Level Intake), concluyendo que, en general, el consumo del agua puede conllevar un riesgo tóxico en niños, respecto al aporte de nitratos, y adultos y niños respecto al aporte de fluoruro. Por último, se estudiaron sistemas de purificación de agua y se evaluó su capacidad de filtración con el fin de disminuir el riesgo de exposición de los aniones. Los resultados del estudio indicaron que el Sistema de Ósmosis Inversa es el óptimo para la eliminación de fluoruros y nitratos filtrando hasta un 80 % y más del 50 % de los respectivos aniones. Se recomienda a la población de Tenerife el uso de agua embotellada o de la instalación de equipos de purificación de agua como el de Ósmosis Inversa | In this work, the exposition and characterization of the risk of NO3 - and F- anions intake from the consumption of water supply of the island of Tenerife has been carried out. For this purpose, a total of 79 drinking water samples from different areas of the island were analyzed. Nitrate quantification was performed by UVVis spectrophotometry, indicating that the highest concentration of nitrate anions was found in the municipality of Puerto de La Cruz (48.56 mg/L of NO3 - ). In the case of fluorides, quantification was performed by potentiometry. The municipalities located in the northwest of the island are those that tend to present high fluoride contents, with La Guancha (4.67 mg/L of F- ) and Los Silos (7.08 mg/L of F- ) being the most outstanding municipalities, since they significantly exceed the parametric limit of 1.5 mg/L. The risk assessment was determined through the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Tolerable Upper Levels Intake (UL Upper Level Intake), concluding that, in general, water consumption can lead to a toxic risk in children, with respect to nitrate intake, and adults and children with respect to fluoride intake. Finally, water purification systems were studied, and their filtration capacity was evaluated to reduce the risk of anion exposure. The results of the study indicated that the Reverse Osmosis System is the optimal system for the removal of fluorides and nitrates, filtering up to 80% and more than 50% of the respective anions. The use of bottled water or the installation of water purification equipment such as Reverse Osmosis is recommended to the population of Tenerife

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations reports that in 2022, approximately 735 million people suffered from hunger, as highlighted in the World Hunger and Food Security Report. Population growth and growing demand for food lead many farmers to adopt unsustainable agricultural practices. In this sense, it is possible to affirm that integrated systems can be a valuable tool in the face of environmental challenges. The objective of the present study was to differentiate agricultural production systems (Crop, Degraded pasture, Reformed pasture, Crop-livestock, Crop-Livestock-Forest) in relation to the efficiency in retaining soil moisture in depth and also evaluate these systems at the end of the first cycle regarding some productivity parameters. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with 3 blocks and treatments: L (crop), P (pasture), F (forest), ILP (crop-livestock), ILPF (crop- livestock-forest) and UP (unmanaged pasture) at depths 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-60 and 60-100 cm. Soil moisture was analyzed in the autumn, winter and spring seasons, with daily measurements, as well as at the end of the first year of implementation of the experiment, analyzes of productivity, plant biomass, dry and fresh mass of corn and Marandu, carrying capacity, silage productivity and average daily gain of animals. The production systems showed distinct moisture retention up to 100 cm for the driest seasons (Autumn and Winter) and only in the more superficial soil layers during the wettest season (Spring). The period of highest moisture retention was during Spring due to the greater water availability. The absence of differences in the other variables evaluated can be explained by this being the first year of implementation of the systems, and it will be necessary to monitor them for a longer period to allow a more accurate assessment of the differences. | CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior | CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico | Embrapa - Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária | FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais | Finep - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos | INCT - Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia | UFU - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia | Dissertação (Mestrado) | A Organização das Nações Unidas para a Alimentação e a Agricultura relata que, em 2022, aproximadamente 735 milhões de pessoas sofreram com a fome, conforme destacado no Relatório da Fome e da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional no Mundo. O aumento populacional e a demanda crescente por alimentos levam muitos agricultores a adotar práticas agrícolas insustentáveis, nesse sentido, é possível afirmar que os sistemas integrados podem ser uma ferramenta valiosa frente aos desafios ambientais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar sistemas de produção agrícola (Lavoura, Pasto não manejado, Pasto reformado, Lavoura- pecuária, Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta) com relação à eficiência na retenção de umidade do solo em profundidade e também avaliar esses sistemas ao final do primeiro ciclo quanto a alguns parâmetros de produtividade. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados sendo 3 blocos e os tratamentos: L (lavoura), P (pastagem), F (floresta), ILP (lavoura-pecuária), ILPF (lavoura-pecuária-floresta) e PNM (pastagem não manejada) nas profundidades 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-60 e 60-100 cm. Foram analisados a umidade do solo nas épocas de Outono, Inverno e Primavera, com medições diárias, bem como ao final do primeiro ano de implantação do experimento foram feitas as análises de produtividade, biomassa vegetal, massa seca e fresca do milho e Marandu, capacidade de suporte, produtividade de silagem e ganho médio diário dos animais. Os sistemas de produção apresentaram retenção de umidade distintas até 100 cm para as épocas mais secas (Outono e Inverno) e apenas nas camadas mais superficiais do solo na época mais úmida (Primavera). O período de maior retenção de umidade foi o da estação da Primavera em razão da maior oferta hídrica. A ausência de diferenças para as outras variáveis avaliadas pode ser explicada por este ser o primeiro ano de implantação dos sistemas, sendo necessário um acompanhamento por um maior tempo para que seja possível uma visualização mais assertiva das diferenças.

Modern agriculture relies on the use of pesticides to increase food production and meet the needs of a growing population. However, inappropriate use of pesticides can have a significant impact on aquatic ecosystems, as they can enter surface waters or leach into groundwater. This poses a risk to public health since these compounds are persistent and mobile in water sources used for drinking water production. In this context, an investigation was carried out in the Azuero peninsula, to analyze samples of drinking water and groundwater used for consumption. Samples were collected during the rainy season in September 2022 and the dry season in April 2023. EPA Method 525.2 was carried out to detect 17 pesticides using solid phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results indicated the presence of pendimethalin, atrazine, and its metabolite atrazine-desethyl at low concentrations in drinking water samples in the districts of La Villa de Los Santos and Parita, as well as in groundwater in Santa María. However, the concentrations detected were below the permissible limits according to Panamanian regulations (Technical Regulation DGNTI - COPANIT 21-2019) for drinking water. | La agricultura moderna se apoya en el uso de plaguicidas para incrementar la producción de alimentos y satisfacer las necesidades de una población en constante crecimiento. Sin embargo, el uso inadecuado de plaguicidas puede tener un impacto significativo en los ecosistemas acuáticos, ya que pueden ingresar a las aguas superficiales o filtrarse en las aguas subterráneas. Esto plantea un riesgo para la salud pública, puesto que estos compuestos son persistentes y móviles en las fuentes de agua utilizadas para la producción de agua potable. En este contexto, se realizó una investigación en la península de Azuero, con el objetivo de analizar muestras de agua potable y subterráneas que son utilizadas para consumo. Las muestras se recolectaron durante la temporada de lluvias en septiembre de 2022 y la temporada seca en abril de 2023. Se aplicó el Método EPA 525.2 para detectar 17 plaguicidas utilizando extracción en fase sólida (SPE) y cromatografía de gas acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). Los resultados indicaron la presencia de pendimentalina, atrazina y su metabolito atrazina-desetil en concentraciones bajas en muestras de agua potable en los distritos de La Villa de Los Santos y Parita, así como en aguas subterráneas en Santa María. Sin embargo, las concentraciones detectadas estuvieron por debajo de los límites permitidos según la normativa panameña (Reglamento Técnico DGNTI – COPANIT 21-2019) para el agua potable.

Aquatic insect fauna remains an important tool for bio indication of environmental disturbance, while maintaining a healthy aquatic system. The purpose of the study was to document and to identify the diversity and distribution patterns of aquatic insect, a highly ignored aspect from the Qatar. Following the standard procedures, the samples were collected from aquatic habitats during the period October 2015 to May 2017 on monthly basis. A total of 11,287 individuals, belonging to 6 orders were captured. Dipterans were the abundant with the percentages of 71.01 (n=8,015), while the lowest percentage was observed for Coleoptera 0.04 (n=05). Twelve insects families were identified, among these five were reported under Diptera, followed by Hemiptera (03), while Coleoptera, Tricoptera, Odonata, and Ephemeroptera were represented by single families. Among the selected localities, Dipterans were collected from 10 stations, followed by Hemiptera (9), Coleoptera (4), Odonota (4), Ephemeroptera (3) and Trichoptera (1) respectively. Among the water bodies samples, streams were the most preferred habitats (n=2,767), while drinking water pools were the least (27). Moreover, the highest Simpson diversity index of 1.48 and lowest of 0.47 was recorded for flooded sewage pool and plastic containers respectively, while the low evenness values were observed for ponds, and less than 1 Margalef's diversity values were seen for all habitats. This study documents the patterns of the diversity and distribution of aquatic insects, and provides a baseline for the future studies from Qatar. 2024, Instituto Internacional de Ecologia. All rights reserved. | Scopus

Sprinkler rice cultivation is an alternative to continuous flooding (CF), due to its lower water consumption and lower operating costs, especially in terms of soil preparation and labor. However, maintaining growth and yield parameters at levels close to those of the CF is the main factor to be overcome. Therefore, the timing of irrigation and the frequency of irrigation need to be investigated to help growers make the decision to switch from a well-known and highly productive system to one that is still little used in rice. Therefore, the timing of irrigation and the frequency of irrigation need to be investigated to help growers make the decision to switch from a well-known and highly productive system to one that is still little used in rice. Among these challenges are studies to calibrate crop coefficients and determine the most appropriate irrigation management to achieve high yields with low water consumption. Furthermore, experiments were conducted during the 2020/21, 2021/22 and 2022/23 harvests to determine the water requirement and derive the crop coefficients of aerobic rice, evaluate the growth parameters, water and crop productivity, and return of rice grown under sprinklers. Two lowland rice cultivars (IRGA-424 RI and IRGA-431 CL) were subjected to three irrigation managements: (i) daily irrigations; (ii) alternating irrigations and (iii) rainfed. Soil moisture measurements were taken throughout the cycle. Growth parameters were assessed at certain stages of the cycle. The basal crop coefficient (Kcb) calibrated by the SIMDualKc model was 0.15, 1.08 and 0.80, while the crop coefficients (Kc) were 0.72, 1.13 and 0.95 for the early, middle, and late stages, respectively. The Kcact values for sprinkler-irrigated rice were higher than for rainfed rice, especially in the middle phase (Kc act mid = 1.13 vs 0.82). Rice yields were 7,600 (±1,400) and 7,200 (±1,800) kg ha-1 , with daily and alternate irrigation, respectively. Crop evapotranspiration was 694 (±20) and 450 mm for irrigated and rainfed crops, respectively. Growth and yield parameters were affected by water deficit, but not by irrigation management. ID and IA management provided the producer with an operating profit. | O cultivo do arroz por aspersão é uma alternativa à inundação contínua (IC), pelo menor consumo de água e menor custo operacional, sobretudo nas operações de preparo do solo e mão de obra. Entretanto, a manutenção dos parâmetros de crescimento e rendimento em níveis próximos aos da IC é o principal fator a ser superado. Portanto, o momento de irrigara e a frequência de irrigação necessitam ser investigadas, de modo a auxiliar o produtor na tomada de decisão em trocar um sistema bem conhecido e altamente produtivo por um sistema ainda pouco usado no arroz. Dentre esses desafios estão os estudos para calibrar os coeficientes de cultivo e determinar o manejo de irrigação mais adequado para se atingir alta produtividade com baixo consumo de água. Assim, experimentos foram conduzidos durante as safras 2020/21, 2021/22 e 2022/23 em Argissolo Bruno-Acinzentado, visando determinar o requerimento hídrico e derivar os coeficientes de cultura do arroz aeróbico, avaliar os parâmetros de crescimento, a produtividade da água e da cultura e retorno do arroz cultivado sob aspersão. Duas cultivares de arroz de terras baixas (IRGA-424 RI e IRGA-431 CL) foram submetidas a três manejos de irrigação: (i) irrigações diárias; (ii) irrigações alternadas e; (iii) sequeiro. Medições da umidade do solo foram realizados durante todo o ciclo. Parâmetros de crescimento foram avaliados em alguns estádios do ciclo. O coeficiente de cultivo basal (Kcb) calibrado pelo modelo SIMDualKc foi de 0,15, 1,08 e 0,80, enquanto os coeficientes de cultura (Kc) foram 0,72, 1,13 e 0,95, para os estádios inicial, médio e final, respectivamente. Os valores de Kcact para o arroz irrigado por aspersão foram maiores do que para o arroz de sequeiro, principalmente na fase intermediária (Kc act mid = 1,13 vs 0,82). A produtividade foi de 7.600 (±1.400) e 7.200 (± 1.800) kg ha-1 , com irrigação diária e alternada, respectivamente. A evapotranspiração da cultura foi de 694 (±20) e 450 mm para o irrigado e sequeiro, respectivamente. Os parâmetros de crescimento e rendimento foram afetados pelo déficit hídrico, mas não pelo manejo de irrigação. Os manejos ID e IA proporcionaram lucro operacional ao produtor.

El presente trabajo de titulación se centró en llevar a cabo un examen exhaustivo de la calidad del agua en las vertientes Shushurí, localizadas en la provincia de Tungurahua, específicamente en la ciudad de Pelileo. Se realizaron actividades meticulosamente planificadas con el propósito de analizar los parámetros físico-químicos y determinar el caudal disponible, tanto en el sitio como en el laboratorio. El objetivo principal fue comparar los resultados obtenidos con los criterios de calidad establecidos en el Acuerdo Ministerial 097, Anexo 1, que regula las normativas pertinentes. Los parámetros analizados se seleccionaron debido a su alta prevalencia natural en el agua subterránea y su capacidad para indicar posibles contaminaciones externas y microbiológicas. Los datos recopilados proporcionaron información esencial para definir un uso específico del agua a través del método de índice de calidad del agua, evaluando su idoneidad para fines recreativos. Aunque se observó que el agua cumplía en su mayoría con los estándares establecidos, se identificaron ciertos parámetros, como el arsénico, que excedían los límites permitidos. Por lo tanto, se propuso un detallado plan de tratamiento del recurso hídrico con el fin de adaptarlo y mantenerlo en condiciones óptimas para su uso. Entre las medidas sugeridas se incluyó la aplicación de una titulación con ácido para reducir la concentración de alcalinidad y mantener un pH constante en el agua. Además, se recomendó la implementación de un aireador de escaleras, diseñado para aumentar la saturación de oxígeno en el recurso hídrico. Estas estrategias se consideraron soluciones efectivas para mejorar la calidad del agua y asegurar su aptitud para el uso recreativo, sin comprometer los estándares de calidad establecidos. | The present thesis focused on conducting a comprehensive examination of water quality in the Shushurí springs, located in the Tungurahua province, specifically in the city of Pelileo. Meticulously planned activities were carried out to analyze the physicochemical parameters and determine the available flow, both on-site and in the laboratory. The main objective was to compare the results obtained with the quality criteria established in Ministerial Agreement 097, Annex 1, which regulates the relevant regulations. The analyzed parameters were selected for their high natural prevalence in groundwater and their ability to indicate possible external and microbiological contaminations. The collected data provided essential information to define a specific use of water through the water quality index method, evaluating its suitability for recreational purposes. Although it was observed that the water mostly complied with the established standards, certain parameters, such as arsenic, were identified to exceed the permitted limits. Therefore, a detailed plan for treating the water resource was proposed to adapt it and maintain it in optimal conditions for use. Among the suggested measures was the application of acid titration to reduce alkalinity concentration and maintain a constant pH in the water. Additionally, the implementation of a staircase aerator was recommended to increase oxygen saturation in the water resource. These strategies were considered effective solutions to improve water quality and ensure its suitability for recreational use without compromising the established quality standards.

Se describe la evaluación realizada al sistema de tratamiento de agua potable en la comunidad de Tolontag, con el objetivo de identificar las áreas de mejora y garantizar la calidad del agua. Se realizó un plan de muestreo en cinco puntos específicos: tanque de captación, entrada y salida de la planta de tratamiento, y las dos viviendas más alejadas de la planta. Se analizaron parámetros in situ ( pH, conductividad, temperatura, oxígeno disuelto y turbiedad) y parámetros de laboratorio (arsénico, alcalinidad, DQO, DBO5, dureza total, hierro total, manganeso, fosfatos, nitratos, sólidos totales y disueltos, sulfatos, cloro libre residual y total, coliformes totales y fecales). Los análisis realizados al agua cruda de la comunidad indican que es de excelente calidad. Por tal motivo, el tratamiento actual se limita a la desinfección. Sin embargo, las pruebas revelaron que el proceso de desinfección no es efectivo, ya que las concentraciones de cloro total y libre residual son inferiores a los valres establecidos por la normativa. Para garantizar la calidad del agua para el consumo humano, se proponen mejoras al tratamiento actual, que se basa en un hipoclorador por goteo constante. Estas mejoras se enfocan en: Modificar la cantidad de desinfectante para preparar una solución madre adecuada, recalcular el caudal de goteo para asegurar una dosificación precisa y constante, ampliar el tiempo de contacto delmdesinfectante con el agua para una desinfección efectiva. Estas medidas permitirán garantizar que los habitantes de la comunidad tenganm acceso a agua potable segura y de calidad. | The evaluation carried out on the drinking water treatment system in the community of Tolontag is described, with the objective of identifying areas for improvement and guaranteeing water quality. A sampling plan was carried out at five specific points: collection tank, entrance and exit of the treatment plant and the two homes furthest from the plant. In situ (pH, conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen and turbidity) and laboratory parameters (arsenic, alkalinity, COD, BOD5, total hardness, total iron, manganese, phosphates, nitrates, total and dissolved solids, sulfates, chlorine) were analyzed. . . free of residual and total coliforms, total and fecal). The analyzes carried out on the community's raw water indicate that it is of excellent quality. For this reason, current treatment is limited to disinfection. However, the tests revealed that the disinfection process is not effective, since the concentrations of total and free residual chlorine are lower than the values ​​established by regulations. To guarantee the quality of water for human consumption, improvements are proposed to the current treatment, which is based on a constant drip hypochlorinator. These improvements focus on: Modifying the amount of disinfectant to prepare an adequate stock solution, recalculating the drip flow to ensure accurate and constant dosing, extending the contact time of the disinfectant with water for effective disinfection. These measures will ensure that community residents have access to safe, quality drinking water.