The purpose of the article is to consider the features of the anthropogenic impact on agricultural land in the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK). The article deals with the current problem of agricultural land degradation, and desertification in Kazakhstan, where one of the causes is the anthropogenic activities of the population and the aridity of the country's climate. Most of the territory of Kazakhstan is located in conditions highly vulnerable to anthropogenic desertification when in combination with natural factors of desertification the ecological situation is sharply deteriorating. Another cause of land degradation is urbanization and intensive degradation of desert habitats — unsystematic road network, regulation of river flows, illegal cutting of saxaul for firewood for sale. As a result of urbanization and intensive agricultural development of the foothill strip in the south and east of the country, the natural vegetation cover is highly disturbed. Roads, pipelines, and power lines, which are being laid at an increasing rate, have a great impact on the fauna. The area of land occupied by mining enterprises is steadily growing. In the last 10 years, the areas of oil and gas extraction, development of uranium ores, etc. in Western Kazakhstan, the Eastern Caspian Sea region, the Betpakdala desert, etc. have been sharply increasing. As a result of insufficiently thought-out land management from water erosion 5.6 million hectares of arable land was affected and grain yield was reduced by 20–30%. Degradation of agricultural lands, including pastures, is 30–50% and higher % in 9 of 14 regions of Kazakhstan. The use of the existing model of agricultural development of raw materials leads to inefficient economic development and constantly increasing pressure on ecosystems. The soil in Kazakhstan is very vulnerable, as it is comprehensively affected by various anthropogenic factors that lead to the constant deterioration of its quality. Soils near the Aral Sea and the Caspian Sea are subjected to the most intensive degradation, as wind erosion is widespread there.

Georgia is a small state, stretched between two seas, which has always aroused constant interest in the world due to its geopolitical position. Many called it Iberia or Iveria, and often called Gurjistan. At the crossroads of Europe and Asia, this small oasis attracted many conquerors not only because of its importance, but also because of its culture, historical buildings and fruitful lands. Georgia is a sunny and fertile country, where everything blooms and pleases. Our ancestors from ancient times engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding and had an active connection with the land. According to historical sources, Georgia is more than four thousand years old, and the Georgian alphabet and writing are unique to the whole world. Since the fourth century, Christianity has been our state religion, but the country unites representatives of many cultural ethnic groups and religious beliefs. A completely different historical page began after the collapse of the Soviet Union, when Georgia found itself alone in the face of new challenges and realities. Although we do not have oil and gas ores, which allows the state to develop rapidly, in other areas we may well take a leading position. For example, it is possible to develop the tourism sector at a high level, since the country is distinguished by its historical monuments, some of which are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. However, a small state like Georgia can focus on agriculture and succeed. For rural welfare, there is the Rural Development Agency, which coordinates projects with the Ministry of Environment and Agriculture of Georgia and assists enterprises interested in this area. Since 2014, the Agricultural Insurance scheme has been operating, the purpose of which is to promote the development of the insurance market in the agricultural sector, promote agricultural activities, save income and reduce risks for those involved in this activity. Our topic is about the development of agribusiness and insurance, which is one of the key factors in Georgia's economic growth.

After the restoration of independence, Latvia took a path towards a market economy and private land ownership and which mentioned wide land privatization process and building an immovable property cadastre to collect information on immovable properties. Transition to private land ownership meant that immovable property taxation will start to tax privately owned assets not assets rented from the state, a model similar to other market economies. Initially, there were two laws on the taxation of the property – The law on land tax and the Law on Property Taxation to tax commercial assets and unfinished construction objects which were adopted in December of 1990 even before the starting of land reform and privatization. In 1997 new Law on immovable property tax was approved by the Latvian Parliament and it is still in force with numerous amendments which due to the rapid development of the immovable property sector have been approved until today. Before the global economic-financial crisis in 2008 prices of immovable property were increasing rapidly followed by contraction during the global economic crisis. Immovable property tax is often considered as taxing accumulated wealth however it may have distortions and disproportionate impact on those owners who did not contribute to immovable property value growth. Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate the development of the immovable property taxation system development in Latvia and to compare it with the systems of neighbouring countries. Therefore, to achieve this aim following objectives were set: to analyse legislative acts regulating immovable property taxation in Latvia, and practices of other countries and to draw research conclusions.

The study aimed to develop a methodology for determining zones of intra-field heterogeneity for precision farming. In this study, we took into account the Belarussian national land use system which provides for the absence of private ownership of agricultural land. The spatial distribution of intra-field heterogeneity zones within the land use area of 7549.49 thousand hectares was identified using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The algorithm for determining zones of spatial heterogeneity provides for: (1) the selection of indicators and their ranking; (2) developing a pairwise comparison matrix, (3) estimating relative weights and (4) assessing matrix consistency. It is recommended to use data from agrochemical soil studies which are conducted centrally every 4 years for each agricultural enterprise as input parameters. These data include the humus content in the soil, the content of available phosphorus and potassium, soil pH, and the content of B, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg. The data should be carefully examined using spatial statistics tools to provide a more accurate delineation of the management-zones boundaries. The developed technique makes it possible to determine fertile and marginal areas within each field and differentiate the use of fertilizers, taking into account the presence of intra-field heterogeneity. This will reduce the total cost of purchasing and applying phosphorus fertilizers by 34 $·haE−1 and potash fertilizers by 9 $·haE−1 due to the redistribution of the fertilizer dose calculated for the planned yield, taking into account the identified site-specific management zones. At the same time, the level of chemical pressure per hectare of arable land will decrease by 6.7% without loss of crops productivity.

Many studies have unveiled the importance of variation in residential property values overtime, but failed to cover different types of residential property value and location. The aim of this research is therefore to model residential property rental value in Bida from 2015 to 2020 with the aid of Geographic Information System (GIS). The study focused on the rental values of the residential property and rental value variation across space. Data collected for this paper includes residential rental values and geographic coordinates from 196 residential properties in the study area, comprising 101 one-bedroom, 80 two-bedroom and 15 three-bedroom apartments. Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation tool of ArcGIS was employed in analysing the data. It was found out that the core areas of the town commands lower rental values while the southern part of the town commands higher rental values. It was also found out that one bedroom apartment is the most dominant residential rental property followed by the two bedroom apartments and three bedroom apartments respectively. Geospatial database was produced for each model in a bid to ascertain the level of changes with time. The benefits associated with the application of GIS technology were established by this research and recommends its application to other property values modelling.

The purpose of the article is to consider the institutional foundations of the rational use of agricultural land in a multicultural economy. The formation of land use is faced with the acute problem of organizing a sustainable competitive land use, ensuring a high level of marketability of production and a sufficient level of profitability in conditions of the developing land market. This article discusses the rational use of agricultural land in a multicultural economy, taking into account structural and resource indicators. The efficiency of land use in farms with different land ownership depends on increasing labour productivity, strengthening the economic regime, increasing the intensification of production, using internal reserves and agricultural production opportunities, and, especially, rational use of land. The greatest efficiency of production and use of land has been achieved in large agricultural formations, where high-performance equipment is used, crop rotations are observed, and there is greater availability of credit resources, subsidies, and leasing. The monitoring data of the Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Statistics for 1.01.2020 indicate that 93.7% of peasant farms have a land area of up to 500 hectares. To the greatest extent, small-earth peasant farms have become widespread in the southern region, where the share in the total number of up to 50 hectares is 90.1%, while in the northern region only 8.1%, central — 3.9%, and western — 11.3%. In this regard, the tasks of preserving productive agricultural lands, and optimizing arable land and acreage in terms of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of land become a priority. The solution to these tasks is connected with the improvement of technologies for maintaining and increasing the bio-productivity of agricultural lands, the development of technologies for rational land management, land use, and land protection, the creation of effective organizational and legal mechanisms for managing agricultural lands, as well as the development of state monitoring of agricultural lands. Optimization of land use in farms and agricultural enterprises of based on the proposed methodology, taking into account state support measures, will create a basis for a new stage in the development of land reform and will create incentives for the effective use of agricultural land.

Nowadays, along with the classical and experienced surveying methods, modern technologies are rapidly developing and entering into the economy. Laser scanning has many benefits and uses. Application of this technology results in a point cloud from which it is possible to create three-dimensional models which can represent topographic properties, structure dimensions, and spatial relationships. The aim of the research is to investigate the application of three-dimensional laser scanning in the internal surveying of premises and in the development of the 3D model buildings. The task of the research is to apply the application of laser rangefinder and ultrasonic rangefinder method in the scanning of a building that is characterized by complex architecture, an interior garden, many protrusions, and a special layout of windows and doors. The use of the Stonex X300 laser scanner and Stonex M6 laser rangefinder has been described as well. To achieve the goals and objectives of the research, laser telemetry and ultrasonic telemetry method, method of three-dimensional modelling, as well as analysis of scientific literature, mathematical calculation methods, and analysis of documents and factual materials have been used. As the result of the investigation 3D model of a building consisting of 47 individual point clouds was developed. The main conclusion is that three-dimensional modelling as a computer graphics method for the three-dimensional representation of any object or surface can be used.

In order to promote the preservation of agricultural land and the sustainable use of its areas for the needs of agricultural production, on 1 July 2015, the Latvian Land Fund established by the state started operating in Latvia. The Land Fund was established to promote the preservation and use of agricultural land for agricultural purposes in Latvia in the amount of not less than 2 million hectares, involving approximately 0.4 million hectares of agricultural land not previously actively used in active agricultural production. The operation of the Land Fund is regulated by the Law on Privatization of Land in Rural Areas and the regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers on transactions with agricultural land. Development Finance Institution ALTUM has been approved as the land fund manager. The Latvian land fund consists of accumulated agricultural land, which is further leased, sold or changed. The main activities of the Land Fund are the purchase of agricultural land, the lease of agricultural land and the sale or exchange of land. The Land Fund buys property from existing owners who are no longer able or for any other reason unable or unwilling to continue to use agricultural land for agricultural activities themselves. The Land Fund is looking for a buyer or manager for the purchased property. For unleased and unsold properties, the fund organizes management — mowing, and bush removal with the aim of keeping agricultural land in good condition, cleaning up agricultural land and returning it to agricultural circulation. The aim of the study is to analyse the Latvian Land Fund's transactions with agricultural land since the establishment of the Land Fund.

The application of institutional theory in the development of land management and land surveying to solve land problems in the period of globalization is due to the problems of human security and sustainable development. Institutional theory must justify the use and protection of land not only as a material but also as a public good. Four scientific positions were highlighted, which characterize the international institutionalization of land organization and land planning and related processes: 1) international institutionalization of land organization and land planning as a process of transition to international principles and standards of sustainable land management; 2) international institutionalization of land organization and land planning as a process of creating information on land ownership to ensure comparability of land statistics in the field of land resources and geospatial database and statistical reporting of different countries; 3) international institutionalization of land organization and land planning as a process of unification and harmonization of information systems for land accounting at the international level; 4) international standardization as a process of bringing national norms of territorial and spatial planning of land use development to international level while preserving essential national peculiarities. The relationship between the components of the process of globalization of land management and land surveying is characterized by the impact of globalization on the development of land management and land management. Implementation of institutions and institutes of land management and land surveying is carried out through coordination, redistribution, transactional and capitalization functions for the formation of sustainable (balanced) land use.

Wetlands are the most important natural resources; they are the sources of biological, cultural, and economic diversity. The article presents an analysis of the current situation of the wetland area in Klaipeda County. Analytical, comparative, statistical, and logical analysis methods were used for the investigation. The aim of the investigation is to carry out the analysis of Klaipeda County’s wetland area during the period between the years 2002 and 2022. In 2022, wetlands occupied 1.21 percent of Klaipeda’s County, i.e. 6,337.53 ha. In 2002, the area of wetlands in Klaipeda County was 1.68 percent and occupied 8,748.33 ha. So, in Klaipeda County during the period between the years 2002 and 2022 wetland area decreased by 2,410.80 ha or 27.56 percent. After the analysis of the change in wetland areas in the districts of Klaipeda County, it can be seen that in all municipalities, wetland areas decreased in the period of 2002–2022. Many wetlands in Klaipeda County have been exploited and managed for various purposes. Large wetland areas have been drained and reclaimed mainly for agriculture and the establishment of human settlements. Monitoring and inventory of wetlands are important for of conserving and managing wetland resources. An important element of all peatland restoration projects is a programme of monitoring to check results and progress. The aim of the investigation is to carry out the analysis of the Klaipeda County wetland area during the period between the years 2002 and 2022.