Feeding animal wastes to ruminants
1983
Shah, S.I. (Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad (Pakistan)) | Muller, Z.O. (UNDP/FAO, Islamabad (Pakistan))
This paper describes the utilization of animal wastes in ruminant rations, including the background, trend, and approach toward the use of unconventional feed resources in general. It focuses on typical examples of least cost rations based on poultry litter, poultry manure, and cattle wastes. The utilization of these resources offers a significant reduction in feed cost (as much as 40% or more) and also minimizes the requirements for expensive protein feeds and other competitive feed resources, such as cereal grains and milling by-products. In addition, animal wastes can be used as a total or partial substitute for forages. This in itself has considerable significance for developing countries because in many arid areas of the world the output of forage from rangeland is often minimal and even zero during certain seasons of the year. Examples of typical feeding and least cost computer rations for dairy, beef, replacement cattle, and fat lambs are presented on a dry matter and as fed basis, together with feeding instructions for various live weight categories or other parameters relating to performance. Indicative cost of rations is also incorporated using average international market prices for individual ingredients. In addition, systems of adaptation using a specific premix to overcome any initial problems associated with voluntary feed intake are presented. Finally, processing of poultry and cattle wastes at the farm level is described in detail.
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