Paleokarsts and long-term karst evolution of the Buda Mountains, Hungary
1993
Nador, A.
The Triassic and Eocene carbonates which build up the central massif of the Buda Mountains formed a joined karst system with 6 stages of karstification. Depositional paleokarsts formed in the Triassic Dachstein limestone were controlled by depositional facies patterns and lithologies. From Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene, the area was uplifted and exhumed. Triassic dolomites and limestones were karstified and the dissolution of the oldest caves can be dated back to this period. During the Middle-Late Eocene transgression, shallow marine limestones and marls were deposited on the former paleokarst surface. Small cavities in the Upper Eocene limestone were formed by dissolving local carbonates during sea-level low stands; they were filled with fine-grained calcarenite in the subsequent high stand periods. During the Early Oligocene denudation, the former conduits became active again, partly rejuvenating the paleokarst system which later, as a consequence of Late Oligocene clay deposition, was buried. At the same time, nearby andesite volcanic activity initiated the first thermal stage; volatile components were added to the fossil meteoric water and produced controlled currents, material transport and hot water activity. Another area uplifting occurred in the Early Miocene and the clay began to be eroded. By the end of the Late Pliocene, ascending thermal waters from the uncovered karst mixed with cold karstic waters; this had a strong corrosive and solving effect on the karstic networks.
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