Nectar and pollen resource partitioning by honey bees and other insects in makiang
2002
Sirinun Aemprapa(Rajamangala Institute of Technology. Lampang Campus, Lampang (Thailand). Lampang Agricultural Research and Training Center)
Insect pollinators visiting Makiang (Cleistocalyx paniata var. paniata) bloom comprised 8 species belonging to 3 Orders. Frequent pollinators were Apis florae, and A. cerana. In addition, there were also other pollinators such as house flies (Musca domestica), flower flies (Eristalinus sp.), moth flies (Psychonosma sp.), red ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) and butterflies. Foraging studies revealed that A. cerana and A. mellifera started their foraging activity early in the morning before 6.00 a.m. to 9.00 a.m. The single-nested honey bees, A. florae, also foraged early but the bee numbers will increase gradually as the time passed. High peak foraging activity of A. mellifera and A. cerana were found between 6.00-7.00 a.m. while that of A. florae was between 2.00-4.00 p.m. For house flies, flower flies and moth flies, the maximum foraging activity occurred between 7.00 a.m. to noon, 7.00 a.m. to noon and 7.00 a.m. to 2.00 p.m. respectively. The red ants were found all day long but were maximum in the morning and at 1.00 a.m. The results of flower covering to protect insect pollination showed that the covered bunches produced no fruits while the uncovered ones produced approximately 12 fruits per influorescence.
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