Study of effects of economical factors on water use Efficiency in irrigated cereals under farmers Condition in areas of lower KRB in Khuzestan province.

英语. The purposes of this study were to: Socio-economic characteristics in target regions, Different water uses and water price for cereals in target regions, Situation of irrigated cereals in the Azadegan and Sorkheh plain, Socio-economic characteristics of sample farmers, determination of Profitability in irrigated cereals production between sample farmers ,Determination of average Water use efficiency in irrigated cereals between sample farmers , Estimation of production value in irrigated for one rial of water use in the Azadegan and Sorkheh plains, determination of effects of economical factors on average Water use efficiency and its comparison in salinity lands( Azadegan plain) and other lands (Sorkheh plain), Reaction of sample farmers to some of quality indices .This study implemented in the Azadegan (DA) and Sorkheh (DS) plains in Khuzestan province during years 2006-2007. In the study, 166 samples of farmers (136 samples from Azadegan plain and 30 samples from Sorkheh plain ) were selected using stratified random sampling method. Required data were collected from sample farmers by questionnaire and the involvement and contribution of experts from the local Agricultural Extension Centers of Ministry of Jihad-e Agriculture. Methodology of this study was Library studies were conducted to collect basic information in the target regions. Comprehensive questionnaire were prepared and filled. In order to determine effects of economical factors on water productivity and efficiency and productivity analysis, using from stochastic production and cost frontier function. Calculation of profitability of production and estimation of stochastic frontier function were done by Microsoft EXCEL and SPSS softwares. According to the results in target total regions (Azadegan and Sorkheh plains), farmers of owned for wheat, barley and maize estimated %36,7, %64,5 and %100, respectively. farmers of rented for wheat ,and barley estimated %63,3 and %35,5 , respectively. The contribution of irrigated crop production to household income estimated %81,63. The contribution of offfarm and on-farm to household income was %9,6 and %90,4, respectively. For planting, %15,7 and %84,3 of wheat farmers used seeder and rotary ,respectively. For fertilizer, %95,2 of wheat farmers used by seeder. The means of seed rate and price of seed determined 278 kg/ha and 2849,4 rial/kg for wheat, 208,8 kg/ha and 1997,6 rial/kg for barley and 25,19 kg/ha and 13450 rial/kg for maize, respectively. The means of urea, phosphate and potash rate of fertilizer estimated for wheat and barley were 234,8 , 128,1 and 81,48 kg/ha, for maize were 470,4, 168,5 and 88 kg/ha, respectively. The means of price for urea, phosphate and potash fertilizers estimated 544,8 , 724,1 and 568,8 rial/kg, respectively. The means of herbicides(topic, 2¡4-D and Granestar ) for wheat estimated 1,08 ,1,86 lit/ ha and 25 g/ha,respectively. The means of herbicide (Eradikan ) for maize estimated 5 lit/ ha. The means of price herbicides (topic, 2¡4-D and Granestar ) for wheat estimated 61391 ,11842 rial /lit and 676,9 rial /g ,respectively. The means of price herbicide (Eradikan ) for maize estimated 2798,2 rial /lit. The means of water use and water charge for wheat estimated 6705,5 m3/ha and 128,9 rial/m3, for barley 5463,5 m3/ha and 123,7 rial/m3, for maize 14888,8 m3/ha and 28,6 rial/m3, respectively.The means of insurance rate for wheat , barley and maize estimated 81925,6, 84642,9 and 112273 rial/ha, respectively. In Sorkheh plain, The means of net profit for wheat and maize were estimated 4923 and 4782 (000rials/ha), respectively. Cost ratio for wheat and maize were estimated %43,5 and %48,3 ,respectively. Sale return for wheat and maize were estimated %56,5 and %51,7 ,respectively. In Azadegan plain, The means of net profit for wheat was estimated 1186,8(000rials/ha). Cost ratio for wheat was estimated %77,3. Sale return for wheat was estimated %22,7. According to the results, for wheat in target regions, variables including water price, seed rate, urea rate, phosphate rate had significant effects on water productivity(WP). Correlation of land size of wheat and water productivity was negative, meaning water productivity was low in large wheat land size. Water productivity was ( the amount of output produced(kg) to the water applied (m3)) was low when water price was high. Water productivity was high, when seed, urea , phosphate rates and wheat price were high. According to the results, for wheat in target regions, the different levels of inefficiency can be explained by land tenure, water limitation, soil salinity and soil texture. These variables had significant effects on technical inefficiency. Wheat farmers owning was private land, technical inefficiency in water use was low or technical efficiency in water use was high. Technical efficiency of wheat farmers with water limitation was lower than other farmers. Technical efficiency of wheat farmers with soil salinity was lower than other farmers...

英语. ... Correlation of soil texture and technical inefficiency in water use was positive. Sigmasquared and gamma estimated 0,0598 and 0,0084, respectively. Log likelihood function was - 0,129. For wheat, which mean technical efficiency of sample farmers in water use estimated 0,88. For barley in target total regions, variables including water price was significant ,but, urea rate and phosphate rate was non-significant. Water productivity was high when water price was high. Water productivity was low, when seed rate and phosphate rate was high. Water productivity was high, when urea rate and wheat price was high. Water limitation had also significant effect on technical inefficiency. Barley farmers owning was private land, technical efficiency in water use was high. Technical efficiency of barley farmers with water limitation was lower than other farmers. Technical efficiency of barley farmers with saline soil was highest. Correlation of soil texture and technical inefficiency in water use was negative. Sigma-squared and gamma estimated 0,038 and 0,048, respectively. Log likelihood function was 14,7. For barley, The mean technical efficiency of sample farmers in water use estimated 0,897. According to the results, %60,4 of wheat farmers had technical efficiency larger than %90 in water use . %25 of wheat farmers had technical efficiency between ( =%80%90 ) in water use. %9,1 of wheat farmers had technical efficiency between ( =%70%80 ) in water use. %5,5 of wheat farmers had technical efficiency between ( =%60%70 ) in water use. The mean of technical efficiency of wheat farmers estimated %88,04 in water use. Maximum and Minimum of technical efficiency of wheat farmers in water use estimated 99,6% and 66,8%, respectively. About %46,2 of barley farmers had technical efficiency larger than %90 in water use. %41 of barley farmers had technical efficiency between ( =%80%90 ) in water use. %12,8 of barley farmers had technical efficiency between ( =%70%80 ) in water use. The mean of technical efficiency of barley farmers estimated %89,7 in water use. Maximum and Minimum of technical efficiency of barley farmers in water use estimated 100% and 76,7%, respectively. According to the results, %37,3 of wheat farmers had technical efficiency larger than %90 in wheat production. %27,7 of wheat farmers had technical efficiency between ( =%80%90 ) in wheat production. %28,9 of wheat farmers had technical efficiency between ( =%70%80 ) in wheat production. %6,1 of wheat farmers had technical efficiency between ( =%60%70 ) in wheat production. The mean of technical efficiency of wheat farmers estimated %86,1 in wheat production. Maximum and Minimum of technical efficiency of wheat farmers estimated 99,7% and 63,9%, respectively. About %31,7 of barley farmers had technical efficiency larger than %90 in barley production. %43,9 of barley farmers had technical efficiency between ( =%80%90 ) in barley production. %24,6 of barley farmers had technical efficiency between ( =%70%80 ) in barley production. The mean of technical efficiency of barley farmers estimated %85,6 in barley production. Maximum and Minimum of technical efficiency of barley farmers estimated 99,8% and 74%, respectively. Among sample farmers in Sorkheh plain, factors affecting in determination of cropping pattern, %36,7 of farmers concluded market condition was the main cause. In regard to existence of informal water market, about %53 of farmers concluded haaving no informal water market in regions. About %70 of farmers believed that effects of irrigation development on household livelihoods can increase production and its stability among. In Azadegan plain among sample farmers, %67,6 of farmers got information of optimum water consumption from extension and massmedia. In regard to management of crop residues , about %75,7 of farmers believed crop residues was for farm animals and grazing. About %27,2 of farmers believed amount of irrigation water is limited in region and recommended reduction in number of irrigation, usage of new varieties believed tolerant to deficit irrigation and appropriate irrigation. About %78,7 of farmers , effects of irrigation development on household livelihoods can increase income and stability of the production.