Effect of different levels of processed bentonite, natural bentonite and clinoptilolite on fermentation parameters, ammonia nitrogen concentration, digestible protein in small intestine and on growth of male calves
2009
Aghashahi , Alireza
This experiment was carried out in two phases .In the first phase (in-vitro), 0, 2 and 4% of processed bentonite (PB), bentonite (B), or clinoptilolite (CL) were added as mineral additives to 21 isonitrogenous and isocaloric rations, but different in rumen degradable protein (60, 70 and 80 percent of total ration protein) and rations were incubated in-vitro. Ammonia nitrogen was measured 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 hours after incubation (AI). On the basis of results of this experiment, at first degradable protein level (60 percent of total CP of rations), ammonia N concentration (AN) was decreased 2, 4 AI by inclusion of 4 percent B (p0.05). At second degradable protein level (70 percent of total CP of rations), AN was decreased effectively 2 and 6 hours AI by inclusion of 4 percent B. At third degradable protein level (80 percent of total CP of rations), AN was decreased effectively 8 hours AI by inclusion of 4 percent PB (p0.05). Inclusion of 2 percent PE, B or CL to ration did not change AN significantly (p0.05) in comparison with control ration. In second phase (in-vivo), 32 Holstein male calves (BW 0.05) and liver cupper concentration was decreased (p0.05) by inclusion of 4 percent PB to rations. There were not significant differences between carcass traits for calves consumed 1-4 rations but carcass fat of calves consumed ration 4, were the highest. Finally growth trait and fermentation parameters were improved by inclusion of 4 percent PB or CL (by order) to rations of fattening calves.
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