Effects of caffeine and used coffee grounds on biological features of Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) and their possible use in alternative control

Caffeine and used coffee grounds completely blocked the development of Aedes aegypti in the early stages, in treatments with the concentrations 1.0 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL, respectively. More advanced stages and even adults were obtained in lower concentrations of both substances, enabling observations to be made of mortality rate, longevity and esterase patterns. The experiments involved treatments using either eggs or 3rd instar larvae (L3), with or without the addition of fish food. Mortality rates prior to the adult stage and adult longevity were significantly different in the comparisons among treatments, in every kind of experiment, but in those using L3 larvae, their percentages were smaller. Observations of the time of larva and adult onset suggested that developmental time was also delayed in treatments with both substances. The addition of fish food increased significantly the number of adults produced in caffeine 0.2 and in the control, but in used coffee grounds, the opposite effect occurred. Longevity was apparently not affected by the addition of food, except again in coffee grounds, in which it decreased. In an attempt to detect a mechanism involved in the action of caffeine and coffee grounds, esterases (enzymes involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics) were analyzed in polyacrylamide gels of treated 4th instar larvae (L4). In treatments with both substances, the expression of some carboxylesterases was affected, suggesting that they may be involved in the observed impairment.