Bench-scale composting of recycled paper mill sludge using chicken manure + duck manure, kitchen wastes and agricultural wastes as nitrogen amendments
2011
Gallo, J. | Naraval, J. Jr | Gallardo, S., De La Salle Univ. , Taft Ave. 1004 Manila (Philippines). Asian Regional Research Programme on Environmental Technology
The study determined the effect of carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) and N amendments in bench-scale composting of recycled paper mill sludge. N amendments used in the study included mixed chicken manure + duck manure, kitchen wastes and agricultural wastes. Experiments were conducted in three bench-scale reactors designed to simulate a composting system. Mixed chicken manure + duck manure as N amendment was used to adjust the C/N of composting feedstock to 20:1 and 30:1. Test parameters included temperature free air space (FAS), pathogens and nutrient content of compost products. Feedstock amended with mixed chicken manure + duck manure with initial C/N of 30 was favorable and results are in agreement with the findings of previous studies. Although the initial feedstock with C/N = 20 had the highest reduction in volatile solids, it emitted foul odor due to ammonia emission all throughout the composting process. The total NPK in composts produced by manure-amended feedstocks passed the requirements of the Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority, however, pathogens present in compost exceeded the United States Environmental Protection Agency standards. Further, investigations were also conducted using kitchen wastes and agricultural wastes as N amendments for composting recycled paper mill sludge at initial C/N of 30. Based on composting performances and quality of compost products, results of treatment using kitchen-waste-amended feedstock and agricultural waste-amended feedstock were outweighed by the results of treatment using mixed chicken manure + duck manure as N amendment. High ammonia emission was observed in kitchen-waste-amended feedstock while the FAS of agricultural-waste-amended feedstock significantly dropped in the early stage of composting.
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