Status and Management Strategy of Pesticide Use in Golf Courses in Korea
2014
Kim, D., Wonju Regional Environment Office, Ministry of Environment, Wonju, Republic of Korea | Yoon, J., The Korea National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea | Yoo, J., The Korea National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea | Kim, S.J., Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea | Yang, J.E., Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
Objective of this paper is to assess the available data on the pesticide uses and regulations in the golf courses, and provide the nationwide systematic management options. Numbers of golf courses in Korea are rapidly increasing from 2000s and reached at 421 sites by the end of 2011. Accordingly pesticide usage has been increased with years in direct proportion to the increasing number of golf courses. Amounts of pesticide applied in 2011 were 118,669 kg as of an active ingredient and were in the orders of fungicides (54.9%) insecticides (24.4%) herbicides (13.3%) growth regulators (0.1%). Average pesticide usages in 2011 were 280.9 kg per golf course and 5.4kgha ?1 . Frequencies of the residual pesticide detections in green and turf were higher than those in fairway and soil, respectively. Residue of highly toxic pesticides was not detected in golf courses. Ministry of Environment in 2010 has developed the 'golf course pesticide monitoring and management system' which is the advanced online registry for kind and amount of pesticides applied in each golf course. This system is intended for monitoring of the pesticide uses and residual levels and protecting the environmental pollution from pesticides in the golf course. In 2009, management of pesticides in the golf courses became the task of Ministry of Environment, being merged from many federal agency and ministries. The protocol for the site-specific best management practices, on which to base results from the risk assessment, should be set for pesticides in the golf to minimize the environmental impacts.
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