TiO₂ particles induce ER stress and apoptosis in human hepatoma cells, HepG2, in a particle size-dependent manner
2019
Song, H.N., Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea | Jang, S.K., Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea | Hwang, O.K., Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea | Lee, H.J., Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea | Chun, H.S., Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
The cytotoxicity of TiO₂ nanoparticles are wellknown, but the particle size-dependent induction of ER stress and apoptosis by TiO₂ in hepatocytes has not been elucidated clearly. In the present study, we investigated whether a fine TiO₂ particle and two types of TiO₂ nanoparticles induce ER stress and apoptosis differently in HepG2 cells. A particle size-dependent decrease in cell viability was observed after exposure to the TiO₂ particles. The levels of ER stress-related proteins (BiP, CHOP, ATF6α, and p-PERK) were increased with decreasing particle size. TiO₂ particles induced ER stress-mediated apoptosis in a particle size-dependent manner as seen by a decrease in the expression of Bcl-2, and increases in the expression of Bax, caspase-12, and cleaved caspase-3. These results indicated that the cytotoxicity produced by TiO₂ particles was related to particle size, with smaller TiO₂ nanoparticles producing greater toxic effects involving ER stress and apoptosis in the HepG2 cells.
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