Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in fish from European lakes: current contamination status, sources, and perspectives for monitoring
2021
Valsecchi, Sara | Babut, Marc | Mazzoni, Michela | Pascariello, Simona | Ferrario, Claudia | De Felice, Beatrice | Bettinetti, Roberta | Veyrand, Bruno | Marchand, Philippe | Polesello, Stefano
Fish concentrations of perfluorocarboxylic and perfluorosulfonic acids were reported for seven deep lakes in the European subalpine area, namely Lake Geneva, L. Lugano and L. Maggiore, L. Iseo, L. Como, L. Garda and L. Mergozzo, one shallow lowland (L. Varese) and two high-altitude alpine (> 2000 m asl) lakes. Fillets and, in selected cases, other body fractions (viscera, liver and residual carcass) from eight fish species were analysed. The possibility of harmonizing the monitoring protocols was tested: the results suggest that the sampling season is not critical for PFASs and the total protein content cannot be used for normalization of tissue concentrations because PFASs bind to specific proteins. Moreover, the polar lipid content could be used to reduce the variability of PFAS concentrations in phospholipid rich fractions of fish such as viscera and carcass. The data comparison and analysis demonstrate that the PFAS contamination in lake fish is generally correlated with the degree of the urbanization of the lake catchment, but it is sometimes difficult to compare absolute concentrations in lake fish, because the lake hydro-morphological characteristics have a substantial role in determining the chemical concentrations of persistent and mobile contaminants.
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