Effects of modern plant protection products
1992
Joermann, G. (Biologische Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Braunschweig (Germany). Fachgruppe fuer Biologische Mittelpruefung)
In the 1960s and 1970s organochlorine insecticides, which incorporated persistent and bioaccumulating properties, were gradually replaced by other pesticides, mainly organophosphorus and carbamate compounds. These are much less stable in the environment and so represent only a small hazard to birds by long term exposure and transfer along the food chain. However, due to their high acute toxicity, the occurrence of severe toxic symptoms in birds cannot be ruled out. A substantial risk occurs where the exposure is high, e.g. for small birds pecking for granules, seed-eaters feeding on dressed seed or ducks and geese feeding on grass or cereal plants after spraying. For a risk assessment, the compounds have to be treated individually, and each application method has to be considered. A second group of pesticides that may be hazardous to birds are rodenticides, whereas present-day fungicides and herbicides do not generally seem to have serious toxic effects on birds
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