The biology of smut fungi (Ustilago spp.) and seed dressing experiments against loose smut on oats

avena sativa carbones charbons ciclo vital disease transmission enfermedades fungosas fongicide fungal diseases fungicidas fungicides life cycle limpieza de granos y semillas maladie fongique nettoyage de grains et semences recubrimiento de semillas seed cleaning seed dressing smuts traitement phytosanitaire semences transmission des maladies ustilago segetum