Salinization, alkalinization and sodification in Punjab (Pakistan): characterization of the geochemical and physical processes of degradation

agricultural soils agua de riego alcalinisation alkalinization analytical methods carbonate carbonates carbonatos cation cationes cations chemical composition chemicophysical properties composition chimique degradation deterioro del suelo eau d'irrigation eau souterraine electrical conductivity geochemistry geochimie groundwater ion exchange capacity irrigation water minerales minerals pakistan pedogenese soil degradation soil deterioration soil genesis sol agricole technique analytique