The Effect Of Drought Stress On the Productivity Of Different Species Of Chickpea "Cicer arietinum L" in the Middle Region Of Syria
2020
Lobana Barakat Al-Saleh
This study was conducted at Al-Medan Region east of Homs city at Spring date during the two agricultural seasons (2016-2017) and (2017-2018) and in the labs of Al-Baath University, Agricultural engineering faculty, Chemistry and petroleum engineering faculty in order to study: 1-Determine the harm resulted from osmotic potential, which manufactured in the laboratory during germination stage for five genetic varieties of Chickpea 2- Develop an effective and rapid screening tool to assess the genetic variability for the response of some chickpea varieties to osmotic potential induced by Polyethylene Glycol at early growth stage. 3-Effect of drought stress in some morphophysiological and production and biochemical traits in chickpea plant . 4- Determining the most valuable traits related to stress tolerance. In lab experiments PEG6000 was applied to the germination media with low osmotic potentials (OP) i.e. 0, -3, -6, -9 bar, for screening 5 chickpea varieties. Complete randomized design (CRD) with three replicates was used. Another experiment is conducted to develop an effective and rapid screening tool to assess the genetic variability for the response of some chickpea varieties to osmotic potential induced by Polyethylene Glycol at early growth stage, and evaluate importance of pre-exposure of the seedlings to induction levels ofosmotic stress, past exposure to lethal level; this technique enhanced the capacity of seedlings to tolerate the lethal levels of stress. Also two field experiments are conducted (experiment of stress) and experiment of control (Without stress) , Randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replicates was used and the statistical analysis was done used Gen.stat.7 software and calculated the value of the least significant difference (L.S.D) to compare differences between averages at level 5% and simple correlation coefficient simple ( r) between the yield and some studied indicates. The results exhibited genetic differences between the varieties concerning the response to the application of PEG6000 in the media. The germination percent was decreased with the decline of osmotic potential 0, -3, -6, bar, The percent of germination were 100, 93.67, 70.73 % respectively, as compared with the control. While the speed of germination were 6.70, 4.98, 2.22, 0 respectively. Any seed hasn’t germinated at -9 bar . Whereas that the OP (-9 bar) is considered as an inhibitor level of the germination of perfectly. The length of epicotyl and radicle were estimated in all of tested osmotic potentials, and the results showed with decreasing the osmotic potential the length decreased, and the decrement in epicotyl was more than radicle. The variety Ghab5 achieved the lowest scores in growth declaim compare to the other varieties. The differences between genotypes in the response to drought stress using PEG6000 during germination, and the z-distribution analysis revealed the capability of using this technique in the determination of the differences between genotypes and drought tolerance during germination stage. This study concluded that the varieties: Ghab5 and Ghab4 were tolerant genotypes for drought stress, and could be sown successfully under the most drought conditions, during the growing season at some areas which cultivate this crop in Syria. Results showed that the treatments 2 bar and 18 bar were the optimum induction and lethal levels of osmotic stress, respectively. Significantdifferences observed in the response of chickpea varieties to osmotic stress. The two varieties Gab5 and Gab4 categorized as tolerant Varieties, because the reduction in the length of the roots (13.70%, 15.24%), and seedlings (15.07%, 18.34%) respectively, was lower compared to the other varieties. while the two varieties (Al-Baladi and Al- Faransi) categorized as the least tolerant varieties because the reduction in the length of the roots (27.26%, 29.78%) and the seedlings (29.15% and 33.65%) respectively, were higher in comparison with the other varieties, and the variety Gab3 categorized as medium tolerant Results also appeared the importance of pre-exposure of the seedlings to induction levels of osmotic stress, past exposure to lethal level; this technique enhanced the capacity of seedlings to tolerate the lethal levels of stress. The results revealed that the decrement percent in roots and seedlings without pre-induction equal to (51.14, 53.39 %) respectively, compare to control; while these decrements reached only (4.95, 6.87 %), respectively, compare to control. The results of Field experiments showed That the drought stress affected on the all of the studying parameters , and the varieties concerning differences in the response to the drought stress , Whereas the dry weight of the canopy was reduced under drought. Also both of two parameters the leaf area and number of green leaves were decreased ,but the leaf area was affected in more percent than its number under drought stress condition, these refer that the effect of drought stress fixed on inhibition of expansion of leaves. Also the latter growth parameters were reduced. Hight Plant (HP) , Crop Growth Rate (CGR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Net Assimilation Rate (NAR), Leaves Area Relative.(LAR). clear different between the studying varieties has observed in these parameters. Whereas The study resulted that transcend the varienties ghab3, ghab4, ghab5significantlly in tolerance of water stress , whereas the two varienties al-baladi and al-faransi showed the highiest signisicant degree of sensitivity in water stress. The concetration of the amine acid prolin increased in leaves in the stress conditions , whereas increased the value of this indicator in this stress period in all of varieties by percent 16.20% , whereas the average of the value of this indicator in all varieties 374.2 mg /100g , increased in stress conditions to 434.3 mg /100g ,and the highest average of the increase compared to control in this indicator in the variant Ghab4 with significant percent of increasing (26.75%) , compare with the varients Ghab5 , Ghab3 , al-baladi and al-faransi (19.95,13.19,9.9,11.24%) respectively . The seeds yield and all the production indicators decreased in the water stress conditions , whereas the number of pods on the plant , number of full pods on the plant , number of seeds in the one pod , number of seeds on the plant , weight of 100 seeds, decreased, addition to decreased of straw yield , biological yield and harvest index . At the average the seeds yield decreased in the stress conditions with significant differences compare with control by percent 33.5 % . The differences between the varieties (ghab3 ,ghab4 ,ghab5) in responses to water stress non-significant , and significant with the two varieties al- baladi and al-faransi . The two varieties ghab5 and ghab4 show the highest values in the stress conditions (1685,1300) kg/hectare in the first season and (1817,1398) kg/hectare in the second season respectively . The percent of protein decreased by 3.52% where reached in the control 24.3% and decreased in the stress conditions to 23.5% , and the varieties differenced in that, whereas the lowest average of decreases with the varieties ghab3 , ghab4 , ghab5 in percent 3.46,2.18,1.12% respectively, and the differences between the varieties were non-significant , and the highest percent of decreases found with the two varieties al- faransi and al-baladi (5.79,5.06%) respectively .In evaluate the indices tolerance of chickpea varieties under water stress conditions, better performance of some indices in screening without another , such as, Fischer and Maurer Stress Index (SSI), Fernandez Tolerance Index (STI), Modified Tolerance Index (MSTI), and Relative Yield )Ry) , and worse some indices when they are used alone such as, medium production (MP) , tolerance (TOL). The study revealed that the two varienties ghab4, ghab5 transcend in tolerance of water stress , So it can be sown in the environment the most show to water stress in the conditions of the study area.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]AGROVOC关键词
书目信息
出版者
Al Baath University - Faculty of Agriculture Engineering
其它主题
منطقة وسطى; إجهاد جفافي
语言
阿拉伯
注释
References
23-Abayomi, Y. A. (2008). Comparative growth and grain yield responses of early and late soybean maturity groups to induced soil moisture stress at different growth stages. World J. Agric. Sci. 4:71-78.
24-Abbas, F and Al-Jbawi,E. (2019). Effect of Salinity and Potassium Enrichment on Some Growth Attributes in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Journal of Agriculture science and Technology B. 9: 152-159.
25-Abd EL-Gawaad, A.A., Noureidin, N.A.,Ashoun, M.A. and Kashabal, M.A. (1993) . Studies on consumptive use and irrigation scheduling in relation to nitrogen fertilization on wheat III-Water relation in wheat plant in Egypt. Annals Agric. Sci., Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, 38(1): 183-192.
22-Ahmad, A., Ahmad, R., Ashraf, M.Y., Ashraf, M., and E.A. waraich. (2009). Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) response to drought stress at germination and seedling growth stages. Pak. J. Bot., 41(2): 647-654.
22-Ahmed, A.G., N.M. Zaki ., M.H. Mohamed., M.M. Tawfik., M.S.Hassanein. (2013). Growth and Yield Response of Two Chickpea Cultivars (Cicer arietinum L.) to Skipping One Irrigation. Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research, 2(4): 146-151, 2013 ISSN 2077-4605.
22-Ajirloo, A. R., G. R. Mohammadi, and M. Ghobadi, (2011) . The effect of priming on seed performance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under drought Stress. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 1, 1349—1351.22-Alam M. Z., Haider S. A. (2006). Growth attributes of barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) cultivars in relation to different doses of nitrogen fertilizer. Journal of Life and Earth Sciences. Vol. 1(2): 77-82.
31-Ali,Q., M.Ahsan., and J. Farooq. (2010). Genetic variability and trait association in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes at seedling stage. Electron. J. Pl. Breed. 1(3):334-341.
30-Alla Jabow, M. K., O. H. Ibrahim., and H. S. Adam . (2015) . Yield and Water Productivity of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Influenced by Different Irrigation Regimes and Varieties under Semi Desert Climatic Conditions of Sudan. Agricultural Sciences, 2015, 6, 1299-1308.
32-AL-Jbawi, E. and F.Abbas. (2013). The Effect of Length during Drought Stress on Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Yield and Quality. Persian Gulf Crop Protection (PGCP). 2(1):35-43.
33-Al-Ouda, A. (1999). Genetic variability in temperature and moisture stress tolerance among sunflower hybrids : An assessment based on physiological and biochemical parameters. Ph. D. thesis submitted to Crop Physiology Dept., UAS, Bangalore , India.
34-Anjum, F., M.Yaseen., E. Rasul., A. Wahid., S. Anjum . (2003). Water stress in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). I. Effect on chemical composition and chlorophyll contents, Pakistan J. Agr. Sci. 40, 45–49.
35-Arya,R.L.,B.L.Khuswaha.(1998).To study the irrigation and phosphorus management in rice chickpea cropping system In : Proc. First Inte. Agron. Congress New Delhi, Inida, Eds. Ahlawat, IPS and Surendrasingh, pp. 23-37.
32-Azimi, S.M., N.M. Kor., M. Ahmadi., M. Shaaban., R.Z. Motlagh., M. Shamsizadeh. (2015) . Investigation of Growth Analysis in Chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.) Cultivars under Drought Stress. International Journal of Life Sciences 9 (5) : 2015; 91 – 94.
37-Baby,J.andD.Jini.(2011).Development of salt stress- tolerant plants by gene manipulation of antioxidant enzymes. Asian J. Agric. Res. 5, 17—27.
38-Basu, P.S., J.D. Berger., N.C. Turner., S.K. Chaturvedi., M. Ali., K.H.M. Siddique.(2006). Osmatic adjustment of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) is not associated with changes in carbohydrate composition or leaf gas exchange under drought. Ann. Appl. Biol. 2007, 150, 217–225.
39-Basu,P.s., M.Ali., S.K. chaturvedi.(2007).Osmotic adjustment increases water uptake , remobilization of assimilates and maintains photosynthesis in chickpea under drought .Indian Journal of Experimental Biplogy .Vol.45,March 2007.
40-Bates, L.S.; R.P. Waldren; and I.D. Tear (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil 39: 205–207.
41-Bazrafshan, M.,F.Matlobi, M. Mesbah and L.Joukar.(2009). Evaluation of drought tolerance of sugar beet genotypes using drought tolerance indices. J. Sugar Beet. 24(2): 15- 35.
42-Behboudian, M. H., Q. Ma., N. C. Turner., and J. A. Palta . (2001). Reactions of chickpea to water stress: yield and seed composition. J. Sci. Food Agric. 81, 1288–1291. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.939.
43-Bian, S. and Jiang, Y. (2008) . Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression patterns in leaves and roots ofKentucky bluegrass in response to drought stress and recovery. Scientia Horticulturae, 120, 264–270.
44-Blum, A. (1988). Plant Breeding for Stress environments. CRC Press, Florida. p 212.
45-Blum, A., (2008). Use of PEG to induce and control plant water deficit in experimental hydroponics culture.
46-Boyer, J. S., (1970). Leaf enlargement and metabolic rates in corn, soybean, and sunflower at various leaf water potentials. Plant Physiol. 46, 233—235.
47-Boyer, J.S. (1982). Plant productivity and environment. Sci., 218: 443-448.
48-Bravo, L. A., J. Gallardo, A. Navarrete, N. Olave, J. Martinez, M. Alberdi, T. J. Close, and L. J. Corcuera, (2003). Cryoprotective activity of a cold-induced dehydrin purified from barley. Physiol. Plant. 118, 262—269.
49-Bressan, R.A., P.M. Hasegawa., and A.K. Handa .(1981). Resistance of cultured higher plant cells to polyethylene glycol-induced water stress, Plant Sci. Lett. 21 (1981) 23–30.
50-Brown,S.C., P.J.Gregory., P.J.M.Cooper., and J.D. Keatinge. (1989). “Root and Shoot Growth and Water Use of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) Grown in Dryland Conditions Effects of Sowing Date and Genotype.” J. Agric. Sci. 113: 41-50.
51-Brugnoli, N. and Lauter, M. (1991). Effect of Salinity on Stomatal Conductance, Photosynthesis Capacity and Carbon Isotope Discrimination of SaltTolerant (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and Salt Sensitive (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) C3 Non-halophytes. Plant Physiol, .95: 628-635.
52-Bueno,A., and R.E. Atkins. (1981).Estimation of individual leaf area in grain sorghum. Iowa state Journal of Research 55:4,341-349.
53-Brahmane, R.O., R.W. Bharud., D.V.Deshmukh. (2018). Assessment of chickpea varieties for yield and yield contributing characters and stress tolerance indices under moisture stress conditions. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 10, Issue 23, 2018, pp.- 7569-7571.I.
54-Ceccarelli S., (1987). Yield potential and drought tolerance of segregating populations of barley in contrasting environments. Euphytica, 36: 265-273.
55-Charlson, D.V., Korth, K. L. and Purcell, L. C. (2009). Allantoate amidohydrolase transcript expression is independent of drought tolerance in soybean. J Exp Bot 60: 84-85.
56-Chopra,R.,K. Moinuddin., S.Vasudev., M.Maheswari., A.Srivastava., D. Bahukhand .(1994). K+, Osmoregulation and Drought Tolerance– An Overview. Proc, Indian natn. Sci Acad B61 No.1 pp.51-56(1994).
57-Chowdhury, M. A., V. Vandenberg., and T. Warkentin. (2002). Cultivar identification and genetic relationship among selected breeding lines and cultivars in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Euphytica 127: 317-25.
58-Cooper, P. J. M., J. D. H. Keatinge, and J. Hughes. (1983) . Crop évapotranspiration- a technique for calculation of its components by field measurements. Field Crops Res.7:299-312.59-Cornic,G., and A. Masacci. (1996). Leaf photosynthesis under drought stress. In Baker, N. R. (ed.). Photosynthesis and The Environment. Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 347-366.
60-Cortes, P.M., and T.R. Suidaira. (1986). Gas exchange of field grown soybean under drought. Agron. J. 78:454-458.
61-Dadkhah A.R. and H. Grrifiths (2006). The Effect of Salinity on Growth, Inorganic Ions and Dry Matter Partitioning in Sugar Beet Cultivars. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. (2006) Vol. 8: 199-210.
62-Dahal,P., N.S.Kim., and K.J.Bradford.(1996). Respiration and germination rates of tomato seeds at sub optimal temperatures and reduced water potential. J. Expt. Bot. 47(7):941-947.
63-Davies, S.L., N.C. Turner., K.H.M. Siddique., J.A. Plummer., L.Leport. (1999) . Seed growth of desi and kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in a short-season Mediterranean-type environment. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, 181–188.
64-Daws,M.I.,L.M.Crabtree.,J.W.Dalling.,C.E.Mullins.,and D.F.R.P.B urslem.(2008). Germination responses to water potential in neotropical pioneers suggest large seeded species take more risks. Ann. Bot. 102, 945—951.
65-De-Herralde, F., Biel, C., Save, R., Morales, M. A., Torrecillas, A. and Alarcon, J. J. (1998). Effect of Water and Salt Stresses on the Growth, Gas Exchange and Water Relations in Argyranthemum coronopiflium. Plants. Crop Sci., 139: 9-17.66-Delachiave, M.E.A.; and S.Z. de Pinho (2003). Germination of Senna occidentalis link: Seed at different osmotic potantial levels, Braz. Arch. Biol. Techn., 46: 163-166.
67- Diaz,P., J. Monza., And A. Marquez. (2005) . Drought and Saline Stress . A. J. ( Editorial Director). pp. 39-50 .
68-Dodig, D., Zoric, M., Knezevic, D., King, S.R., and G. Surlan- Momirovic, (2008). Genotype× environment interaction for wheat yield in different drought stress conditions and agronomic traits suitable for selection. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 59: 536-545.
69-Dubey, S.K., U. Sah., S.K. Singh. (2011). Impact of climate change in pulse productivity and adaptation strategies as practiced by the pulse growers of Bundelkhand region of Utter Pradesh. J. Food Legum. 2011, 24, 230–234.
70-El-Tayeb, M.A. and Hassanein, A.M. (2000). Germination, seedling growth, some organic solutes and peroxidase expression of different Vicia faba lines as influenced by water stress. Acta Agronomica Hungarica 48(1): 11-20.
71-Erdemci,I.(2018). Evaluation of Drought Tolerance Selection Indices Using Grain Yield in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Not Sci Biol, 2018, 10(3):439-446.
72-FAOSTAT. 2013.
73-FAOSTAT.(2018).
74- Farshadfar, E., and J.Sutka. (2003). Multivariate analysis of drought tolerance in wheat substitution lines. Cereal Res. Commun., 31, 33–3975-Farshadfar, E., M.Ghanadha., M.Zahravi., J.Sutka. (2001). Generation mean analysis of drought tolerance in wheat. Acta Agronomica Hungarica49(1):59-66.
76-Farshadfar, M., and E. Farshadfar. (2008). Genetic variability and path analysis of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) landraces and lines. J. Appli. Sci. 8:3951-3956.
77-Farsiani, A and M.E. Ghobadi . (2009). Effects of PEG and NaCl stress on two cultivars 0f corn (Zea maize L.) at germination and early seedling stages. World Academy of Science. Engineering and technology. 57: 382-385.
78-Farzaneh, S., R.S. Sarifi and F.A. Gjaderi . (2008). In vitro study of the effect of drought stress on germination and seedling growth of suger beet cultivars. Agric. Sci., 18: 81-93.
79-Fernandez, G.C.J. (1992). Effective selection criteria for assessing plant stress tolerance. In: Proceeding of Symposium. Taiwan, 13-16 Aug. Chapter 25:257-270.
80-Filippou, P., C. Antoniou., V.Fotopoulos.(2013). The nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside regulates polyamine and proline metabolism in leaves of Medicago truncatula plants. - Free Radicals Biol. Med. 56: 172-183, 2013.
81-Fischer, R.A., and R.Maurer. (1978). Drought resistance in spring wheat cultivars. I. Grain yield responses. Australian journal Agriculture Research. 29: 897-912.
82-Flowers ,T.J., P.M. Gaur., C.L. Laxmipathigowda . (2010). Salt sensitivity in chickpea. Plant Cell Environ 33: 490–509.83-Frey,K.J.(1981). Apabilities and limitations of convential Plant breeding. InK.O. Rachie and J.M.L. yman, Genetic Engineering for crop Improvement, The Rockefeller Foundation.p:15-62.
84-Fu, J., Huang, B. (2001). Involvement of antioxidants and lipid peroxidation in the adaptation of two cool-season grasses to localized drought stress, Environ. Exp. Bot. 45, 105–114.
85-Gan,Y.T.,F.Selles.,K.G.Hansen.,R.P.Zentner.,B.G.McKonKey.,and C.L.McDonald.(2005). Effect of formulation and placement of Mesorhizobium inoculants for chickpea in the semiarid Canadian Prairies. Can. J. Plant Sci. 85, 555—560.
86-Ganesh Kumar;Krishnaprasad,B.T.; Savitha, M.; Gapalakrishna, R.;Mukhopdhyay, K.; Rama Mohan, G.; and Udaya Kumar,M . (1998). Enhanced expression of heat shock proteins in thermo tolerant lines of sunflower and their progenies selected on the basis of temperature induction responses. Theor. Appl. Genet. On 28th October.
87-Garg ,N. and Manchanda, G. (2008). Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Saltinduced Nodule Senescence in Cajanus cajan (Pigeonpea). J Plant Growth Regul 27: 115-24.
88-Ghassemi-Golezani, K., S.Ghanehpoor. and D. Mohammadi-Nasab. (2009) . Effects of water limitation on growth and grain filling of faba bean cultivars. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.7 (3&4) : 442 - 447 . 2009.
89-Gooding, M.J., R. H. Ellis., P. R. Shewry., and J. D. Schofield. (2003). Effects of restricted water availability and increased temperature on thegrain filling, drying and quality of winter wheat. J. Cereal Sci. 37, 295–309. doi: 10.1006/jcrs. 2002.0501.
90-Goring, H. and F. Plescher.(1986) . Proline accumulation induced by weak acid and IAA. in coleoptiles of wheat seedling plants. Biol. Plant, 28 (6): 401- 406.
91-Gowing, D.J., Davies, W.J., Trejo, C.L. and H.G. Jones . (1993). Xylem- Transported Chemicals and The Regulation of Plant Growth and Physiology. Philltrans Royal Soc.Lond. 341. pp. 41-47.
92-Groten,K.,Dutilleul,C.,vanHeerden, P.D.R.,Vanacke,H.,Bernard,S., Finkemeier, I., Dietz,K.J. and Foyer,C.H.(2006).Redox regulation of peroxiredoxin and proteinases by ascorbate and thiols during pea root nodule senescence. FEBS lett 580: 1269-76.
93-Guerrier, G. (1988). Comparative phosphate activity in four species during germination in NaCl media. J.Plant Nutr. 11:535-547.
94-Gunes,A.,A.Inal.,M.S.Adak.,E.G. Bagci.,N.Cicek.,F.Eraslan.(2008) Effect of drought stress implemented at pre-or post-anthesis stage some physiological as screening criteriain chickpea cultivars. Rus. J. Plant. Physiol. 55: 59–67.
95-Gunes,A.,N. Cicek.,A. Inal.,M.Alpaslan.,F.Eraslan.,E. Guneri.,and T.Guzelordu. (2006).Genotypic response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars to drought stress implemented at pre and post-anthesis stages and its relations with nutrient uptake and efficiency. Plant Soil Environ. 52, 368—376.
96-Gupta, N. K., and S.Gupta. (2005). Plant Physiology. Oxford and IBH Publishing, pp. 580.97-Gwathmey,C.O., and Hall, A.E. (1992). Adaptation to midseason drought of cowpea genotypes with contrasting senescence traits. Crop Sci., 32: 773-778.
98-Hall, A.E. (1993). Is dehydration tolerance relevant to genotypic differences in leaf senescence and crop adaptation to dry environments In, Close TJ, Bray EA (Eds.), Plant Responses to cellular Dehydration during environmental stress. pp. 1-10.
99-Hellal, F.A., H.M. El-Shabrawi,, M.Abd El-Hady.,I.A.Khatab., S.A.A. El-Sayed., and C. Abdelly. (2018).Influence Of PEG induced drought Stress On molecular and biochemical constituents and seedling growth of Egyptain barley cultivars . Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 16(2018) 203-2012.
100-Herder, G. D., Keyser, A. D., Rycke, D. R., Rombauts, S.,, Van de Velde, W., Clemente, M. R., Verplancke, C., Mergaert, P., Kondorosi, E., Holsters, M., Goormachtig, S. (2008). Seven in Absentia Proteins Affect Plant Growth and Nodulation in Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiol 148: 369-82.
101-Hittalmani, S., N.Huang., B.Courtois., R.Venuprasad., H.E.Shashidhar. (2003). Identification of QTL for growth and grain yield-related traits in rice across nine locations of Asia. Theor Appl Genet 2003;107:679–90.
102-Hopkins, W. G. 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley& Sons, Canada.103-Hosseinzadeh,S.R., H.Amiri., A.Ismaili. (2016). Effect of vermicompost fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under drought stress. Photosynthetica, 54, 87–92.
104-Hsiao,T.C.,E.Acevedo.,E.Ferreres.,D.W.Henderson.(1976). Stress, growth and osmotic adjustment. philos. trans. RSOS. London B(273):479-500.
105-Ingram,J., and D. Bartels. (1996). The molecular basis of dehydration tolerance in plants. Annu . Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. 47 : 377-403.
106-Islam, K.M.A., A.K.M.A. Islam., M.G. Rasul., N. Sultana., M.A.K. Mian . (2008).Genetic variability and character association in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Annu. Bangladesh Agric. 12(1):00-00.
107-ISTA. (1985). International Seed Testing Association. Hand book. Canada.
108-Imanparast, L. and D. Hassanpanah, (2009). Response of onobrychis genotypes to PEG 10000 induced osmotic stress. Biotechnology, 8: 365-369.
109-Jan,A.(2010). Impact Of salt stress and mineral nutrition on Chickpea and Roselle . Post Doctoral Research fellow Report. University of Kebangsaan. Malaysia (UKM).
110-Jamil, M., D. B. Lee., K. Y. Jung., A. Muhammad. (2006). Effect of Salt (NACL) Stress on Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Four Vegetables Species. Journal of Central European Agriculture. 7(2): 273-282.
111-Javid,A.,A.Ghafoor., and R. Anwar. (2004). Seed storage protein electrophoresis in groundnut for evaluating genetic diversity. Pak. J. Bot., 36: 87-96.112-Jha,U.C., P.Basu.,S.Shil.,N.P.Singh. (2016). Evaluation of Drought Tolerance Selection Indices in Chickpea Genotypes. International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 2016, 7(6):1244-1248.
113-Kandil, S.A., M.S.A. Abo El-Kheir and H.A. El-Zeiny. (1999). Increasing salt tolerance of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris, L.) plants through application of uniconazole. J. Agric. Sci. Monsoura Univ. 24 (7): 3413 – 3425.
114-Kalefetogllu,T., T. Macar., O.Turan., and Y.Ekmekci. (2009). Effect of water deficit induced by PEG and NaCl on Chickea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivar and lines at early seedling stage. G. U. J. Sci. 22(1): 5-11.
115-Kanouni,H., M.R. Shahab., M.Imtiaz., and M.Khalili. (2012). Genetic variation in drought tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. Crop Breed. J., 2(2):133-138.
116-Karim, M.F., and Q.A.Fattah . (2007). Growth analysis of chickpea cv. Bari Chhola-6 as affected by folar sprey of growth regulators. Bangladesh J. of Bot.,36(2):105-110.
117-Karimi, M. M. and Siddique, K. H. M. (1991). Crop growth and relative growth rate of old and modern wheat cultivars. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 42:13-20.
118-Kashiwagi, J., L. Krishnamurthy., H.D. Upadhaya., H.Krishna., S.Chandra., V.Vadez., R.Serraj.(2005). Genetic variability of drought avoidance root traits in the mini-core germplasam collection of chickpea. Euphytica 2005, 146, 213–222.
119-Katerji, N.; J.W. Van Hoorn; A. Hamdy; A.Mastrorilli; T. Oweis; and R.S. Malhotra . (2001). Response to soil salinity of two chickpea varieties differing in drought tolerance, Agr. Water Manage., 50: 83-96.120-Kaya, M.D.; G. Okcu; M. Atak; Y. Cıkılı; and O. Kolsarıcı (2006). Seed treatments to overcome salt and drought stress during germination in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Eur. J. Agron., 24: 291-295.
121-Kemal,Y.O., G.A. Damot., D.A.Zewudie. (2018). Effects of supplemental irrigation on yield and yield attributes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Western Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. Sci. & Technol. 11(2) 97-112, 2018.
122-Khamssi, N.N., Golezani, G.K., Salmasi ,Z.S., Najaphy,A.(2010). Effects of water deficit stress on field performance of chickpea cultivars. African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 5(15), pp. 1973-1977, 4 August, 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR ISSN 1991-637X ©2010 Academic Journals.
123-Khurgami, A., M. Rafiee. (2009). Drought stress, supplemental irrigation and plant densities in chickpea cultivars. Afr. Crop Sci. Conf. Proc., 9: 141-143.
124-Korte, L.L., J.H. William., and J.E. Specht. (1983). Irrigation of soybean genotypes during reproductive ontogeny. I. Agronomic responses. Crop Sci., 23: 521-527.
125- Koskosidis,A., Khah,E., Mavromatis,A., Pavli,O.,Vlachostergios ,N.(2020). Effect of PEG-induced drought stress on germination of ten chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 48(1):294-304.
126- Kouakou,T.H.,M.Kone.,D.Kone.,Y.J.Kouadio.,M.Zouzou.(2008). Réponse physiologique au stade juvénile du génotype R-405-2000 decotonnier (Gossypium hirsutum L.) au déficit hydrique induit par le polyéthylène glycol. Sciences et Nature. 5:81-87.
127-Kramer,P.J., and J.S. Boyer. (1995). Water relations of plants and soils. Academic Press. San diego, USA.491-195.
128-Krishnamurthy, L., J.Kashiwagi., H.D. Upadhyaya. (2003). Genetic diversity of drought avoidance root traits in the mini - core germplasm collection of chickpea. International Chickpea and Pigeon pea Newsletters. 10, 21-24.
129-Kumar,J., and S.Abbo.(2001). Genetics of flowering time in chickpea and its bearing on productivity in semiarid environments.Adv.Agron.72:107-138.
130-Labanauskas,C.K., P. Shouse., L. H. Stolzy., and M. F.Handy. (1981). Protein and free amino acids in field-grown cowpea seeds as affected by water stress at various growth stages. Plant Soil 63, 355–368. doi: 0036.
131- Leport, L., N.C. Turner., R.J. French., M.D. Barr., R. Duda., S.L. Davies., D.Tennant., K.H.M. Siddique. (1999). Physio-logical responses of chickpea genotypes to terminal drought in a mediterranean-type environment. Euro-pean Journal of Agronomy, 11: 279-291.
132- Loboda, T. (2002). Gas exchange of spring barley and wheat grown under mild water shortage. Photosynthetica (Zech Republic), Vol. 38 (3) P. 429-432.
133-Leport, L., N.C.Turner., S.L.Davies., and K.H.M. Siddique. (2006). Variation in pod production and abortion among chickpea cultivars under terminal drought. Eur. J. Agron.,24:236- 246.134-Lev-Yadun, S., A.Gopher., S. Abbo. (2000). The cradle of agriculture”, Science 288:1602-1603.
135-Ludlow, M. M. and Muchow, R. C. (1990). A critical evaluation of traits for improving crop yields in water-limited enviroments. Adv. Agron. , 43, 107-153 .
136-Macar, T. K., O. Turan., and Y. Ekmekci. (2009). Effect of water deficit induced by PEG and NaCl on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivar and lines at early seedling stage. G. U. J. Sci. 22(1): 5-14.
137-Mafakheri,A., A. Siosemardeh, B. Bahramnejad., P.C. Struik., and Y.Sohrabi. (2010). Effect of drought stress on yield, proline and chlorophyll contents in three chickpea cultivars. Australian Journal Of Crop Science . AJCS 4(8):580-585 (2010). ISSN:1835-2707.
138-Majumdar, R.; B.Barchi., S.A. Turlapati., M.Gagne.(2016). Glutamate, ornithine, arginine, proline, and polyamine metabolic interactions: The pathway is regulated at the post-transcriptional level. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 78.
139-Mansourifar,C., M.Shaban., M.Ghobadi., A.R.Ajirlu. (2011). Effect of drought stress and N fertilizer on yield, yield components and grain storage proteins in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars. African Journal of Plant Science Vol. 5(11), pp. 634-642, 6 October, 2011.
140-Mansur, C.P.,Y.B.Palled., P.M. Salimath., S.I. Halikatti.(2010). An analysis of dry matter production, growth and yield in kabuli chickpea as influenced by dates of sowing and irrigation levels. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 23(3): (457-460).141-Maqbool,M.A.,Aslam,M.,Ali,H.(2017). Breeding for improved drought tolerance in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Plant Breeding, 136, 300–318 (2017). © 2017 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.
142-Mazid, A., K. Amegbeo., K. Shideed., and R.S. Malhotra. (2009). Impact of crop improvement and management: winter-sown chickpea in Syria International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria. 52 pp.
143-Meena,S.H. (2005). Genetic studies of traits related to drought tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)". A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Post Graduate School, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.
144-Mhadhbi, H., Fotopoulos, V., Djebali, N., Polidoros, A. N. and Aouani, M.E. (2009). Behaviours of Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti Symbioses under Osmotic Stress in Relation with the Symbiotic Partner Input: Effects on Nodule Functioning and Protection. J Agron Crop Sci 195: 225-31.
145-Millan, T., H. Clarke., K. Siddique., H. Buhariwalla., P. Gaur., J. Kumar., J. Gil., G. Kahl ., and P. Winter.(2006). Chickpea molecular breeding: New tools and concepts. Euphytica., 147(1): 81-103.
146-Misra, A.N., A.K. Biswal and M. Misra, (2002). Physiological, biochemical and molecular aspects of water stress responses in plants and their biotechnological applications. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. India, 72 (BII): 115-134.
147-Mitra, J. (2001). Genetics and genetic improvement of drought tolerance in crop plants. Curr Sci., 80: 758-762.148-Modhej, A., and B. Behdarvandi. (2006). Effect of heat stress after anthesis on source limitation of wheat and barley genotypes. 24th Annual Meeting of ESCB, Belgium. P 28.
149-Moemeni,F., M.Ghobadi., S.J. honarmand., P.Shekaari.(2013). Effect of Supplementary Irrigation on growth analysis of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. Available online at www.ijagcs.com .IJACS/2013/5-14/1595-1600 ISSN 2227-670X ©2013 IJACS Journal.
150-Mohapatra,p.k., N.C.Turner., K.H.M.Siddique. (2003). Assimilate partitioning in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in drought-prone environments. Management of Agricultural Drought :Agronomic and Gentic Options .Science Publishers Inc: Enfield ,NH,2003.
151-Moinuddin, and R. Khanna-Chopra, (2004). Osmotic adjustment in chickpea in relation to seed yield and yield parameters. Crop Sci. 44, 449— 455.
152-Mokhberdoran, S.M.; K. Nabavi; and R.S. Haghighi (2009). Effect of Temperature, Iso-Osmotic Concentrations of NaCl and PEG Agents on Germination and Some Seedling Growth Yield Components in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 8: 409-416.
153-Monakhova, O.F., and I.I. Chernyadèv. (2002). Protective role of kartolin-4 in wheat plants exposed to soil drought, Appl. Biochem. Micro+ 38, 373–380.
154-Morgan, J. M. (1984) . Osmoregulation and water stress in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol., 35: 299-319.
155-Muruiki, R., Kimurto,P., Vandez,V., Gangarao,R., Silim,S., Siambi,M.(2018). Effect of Drought Stress on Yield Performance ofParental Chickpea Genotypes in Semi-arid Tropics. Journal of Life Sciences 12 (2018) 159-168. doi: 10.17265/1934-7391/2018.03.006.
156-Nadeem,M., L.i. Jiajia., M. Yahya., A. Sher., C. Ma., X. Wang., L. Qiu. (2019). Research Progress and Perspective on Drought Stress in Legumes: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 2541; doi:10.3390/ijms20102541.
157-Nam, N.H., Y.S. Chauhan., C. Johansen. (2001). Effect of timing of drought stress on growth and grain yield of extra-short-duration pigeonpea lines. J. Agric. Sci. 136:179-189.
158-Namvar, A., Raouf, S.S., Teymur, K. (2011) . Growth analysis and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in relation to organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilization. EKOLOGIJA. Vol. 57. No. 3. P. 97–108.
159-Nayer, M., and R. Heidari. (2008). Water stress induced by polyethylene glycol 6000 and sodium chloride in two maize cultivars. Pakistan journal of Biological Sciences. 11(1):92-97.
160-Nayyar H., Kaur S., Singh S., Upadhyaya H.D. (2006) . Differential sensitivity of Desi (small-seeded) and Kabuli (large-seeded) chickpea genotypes to water stress during seed filling: effects on accumulation of seed reserves and yield, J. Sci. Food Agr. 86, 2076–2082.
161-Neumann PM. (1995). The role of cell wall adjustment in plant resistance to water deficits. Crop Science. 35, 1258-1266. Vol. 27(4A): 549-558.
162-Oertli, J.J. (1985). The response of plant cells to different forms of moisture stress. J. Plant Physiol. 121:295-300.163-Okcu, G., M.D. Kaya., and M. Atak. (2005). Effects of salt and drought stresses on germination and seedling growth of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Turkish journal of agriculture and forestry, vol. 29, no4, pp. 237-242.
164-Oweis, T., A.Hachumb., M.Pala . (2004). Water use efficiency of winter-sown chickpea under supplemental irrigation in a Mediterranean environment. Agricultural Water Management, 66:163-179.
165-Pagter, M., C. Bragato., H. Brix. (2005). Tolerance and physiological responses of phragmites Australia to water deficit. Aquatica Bot.
166-paramesh, S. G., P.M. Salimath. (2008). Field screening of chickpea genotypes for drought resistance. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 21 (1): 113-114.
167-Partheeban,,C.,C.N.Chandrasekhar.,P.Jeyakumar.,R.Ravikesava. and R.Gnanam.(2017).Effect of PEG Induced Drought Stress on Seed Germination and Seedling Characters of Maize (Zea mays L.) Genotypes. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 5 (2017) pp. 1095-1104.
168-Patel ,P.K., A.Hemaantaranjan. (2013). Differential sensitivity of chickpea genotypes to salycylic acid and drought stress during pre-anthesis : Effects on total chlorophyll , phynolycs, seed protein and protein profiling . An international quarterly journal Of life sciences . 8(2): 569-574, 2013.
169-Pathan, M.S., P.K. Subudhi., B. Courtois., H.T. Nguyen. (2004). Molecular dissection of abiotic stress tolerance in sorghum and rice. In Physiology and Biotechnology Integration for Plant Breeding. Edited by Nguyen HT, Blum A. Marcel Dekker, Inc:525-569.170-Pereyra, M.A.; C.A. Zalazar; and C.A. Barassia . (2006). Phospholipids in Azospirillum- inoculated wheat seedlings exposed to water stress. Plant Physiol. Biotec., 44: 873-879.
171-Pezzani,F., and C.Montana.(2006). Inter-and intra-specific variation in the germination response to light quality and scarification in grasses growing in two-phase mosaics of the chihuahuan desert. Ann. Bot., 97: 1063-1071.
172-Pimratch, S., S. Jogley., N.Vorasoot., B,Toomsman., Patanothai., C.C. Holbrook. (2008). Relationship between biomass production and nitrogen fixation under drought stress conditions in peanut genotypes with different levels of drought resistance. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 194:15-25. Plant Physiology . 95: 787-791.pp.84.
173-Pouresmael, M., R. A. Khavari-Nejad, J. Mozafari, F. Najafi, and F. Moradi, (2013) . Efficiency of screening criteria for drought tolerance in chickpea. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 1—19.
174-Prabha, C., Y.K.Arora., and D.C.Wagle. (1985). Phospholipids of wheat chloroplast and its membrance under water stress. Plant science, 38, 13.
175-Prasad, V.V.S., R.K.Pandey., and M.C.Saxena .(1978). Physiological analysis of yield variation in gram (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. Indian Journal of Plant physiology , 21:228-234.
176-Prihar, S.S., B.S. Sandhu. (1968). Irrigation of field crops. Indian Council of Agric. Res. New Delhi, p. 142.177-Poljakoff-Moyber, R. and H.R. Lemer (1993). Plants in Saline Environments. Hand Book of Plant and Crop Stress (Ed. Pessarkali,M) Marcel-Deker Inc. New York, pp. 65-96.
178-Pundir, R. P. S., N. K. Rao, and L. J. G. Van Maesen, (1985). Distribution of qualitative traits in the world germplasm of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Euphytica 34, 697—703.
179-Pushpavalli, R., M. Zaman-Allah., N.C. Turner., R. Baddam., M.V. Rao, V.Vadez.(2015). Higher flower and seed number leads to higher yield under water stress conditions imposed during reproduction in chickpea. - Funct. Plant Biol. 42: 162-174, 2015.
180-Qu, W.Z (1993). The effect of fertilizer amount on products and physiological parameters of sugar beet. China beet, 2: 53-58.
181-Rahangdale S.L., Dhopte A.M.. and Wanjar K.B. (1994). Evaluation of chickpea genotypes for yield stability under moisture deficit. Annals of plant physiology, 8:179-184.
182-Rahbarian,R., R. Khavari-Nejad., A. Ganjeali., A. Bagheri., and F. Najafi.(2011). Drought stress effects on photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and water relations in tolerant and susceptible chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. Acta Biol. Crac. Ser. Bot. 53, 47—56.
183-Rahbarian, R., R. Khavari-Nejad., A.Ganjeali ., A.Bagheri ., F. Najafi., M. Roshanfekr .(2012) . Use of biochemical indices and antioxidant enzymes as a screening technique for drought tolerance in chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7, 5372–5380184-Ramesh, P. (2000). Effect of different levels of drought during the formative phase on growth parameters and its relationship with dry matter accumulation in sugarcane. J. of Agronomy and Crop Science 185 (2): 83-89.
185-Ramirez, P., and J.D. Kelly. (1998) . Traits related to drought tolerance in common bean. Euphytica, 99: 127-136.
186-Rampino,P.,S.Pataleo.,C.Gerardi.,G.Mita.,and C.Perrotta.(2006). Drought stress response in wheat: physiological and molecular analysis of resistant and sensitive genotypes. Plant Cell Environ., 29: 2143-2152.
187-Randhawa,N., and J.Kaur. (2014).Germination Indices In Response To Water Deficit Induced Through PEG And Mannitol In Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes.International Journal Of Advanced Research (2014),Volume 2,Issue 8,65-73.ISSN 2320-5407.
188-Randhawa,N., J.Kaur.,S.Singh., and I.Singh.(2014). Growth and yield in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes in response to water stress. Vol. 9(11), pp. 982 -992, 13 March, 2014. ISSN 1991-637X. Copyright © 2014. http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR
189-Rao,D.L.N.,K.E.Giller.,A.R.Yeo., and T.J.Flowers.(2002) .The effects of salinity and sodicity upon nodulation and nitrogen fixation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).Ann.Bot.,89(5):563-570.
190-Rayapati, P.J., and C.R. Stewart. (1991) . Solubilization of protin dehydrogenase from maize (Zea mays L.) mitochondria .
191-Rehman, S., Harris, P.J.C., Bourn, W.F. and Wilkin, J. (1997). The effect of sodium chloride on germination and the potassium and calcium contents of Acacia seeds. International Seed Testing Association Secretariate, reckenhz, Switezerland, P. 45-57.192-Rennie, R. J., and S. Dubetz, (1986). Nitrogen-15- determined nitrogen fixation in field grown chickpea, lentil, fababean, and field pea. Agron. J. 78, 654—660.
193-Retta,A.,R.L.Vanderlip.,R.A.Higgiins.,L.J.Moshier.(1996). Application of Sorkam to simulate shattercane growth using forage sorghum, Agron. J.,Vol.88,p: 569- 601.
194-Rosielle,A.A., and J.Hamblin.(1981). The oretical Aspects of selection for yield in stress and non-stress environments.CropSci.21:943-946.
195-Rucker, K.S., C.K. Kvien., C.C. Holbrook., J.E. Hook. (1995). Identification of peanut genotypes with improved drought avoidance traits. Peanut Sci. 24:14-18.
196-Sabaghpour, H.S., A.M. Mahmodi., A. Saeed., M.Kamel., R.S.Malhotra.(2006). Study on chickpea drought tolerance lines under dryland condition of Iran. Indian J. Crop Science, 1(1-2): 70-73 (2006).
197-Sadasivan, R.N., N.Natrajaratnum., R. Dabu., V. Muralidharan., S.R.S. Rangasmay. (1988). Response of mungbean cultivars to soil moisture stress at different growth phases. Mungbean Proceeding of the Second International Symposium. AVRCD. pp. 260-262.
198-Saeed, M., and C. A. Francis . (1983). Yield stability in relation to maturity in grain sorghum. Crop Sci. 23, 683—687.
199-Sairam,R.K., K. Veerabhadra Rao., G.C. Srivastava.(2002). Diffrential response of wheat genotypes to long term salinity stress in relation to oxidative stress,antioxidant activity and osmolyte concentration.Plant Sci.2002;163:1037-1046.200-Salehpour, M., A. Ebadi., M. Izadi., Shri Jamaati-c-Somarin. (2009). Evaluation of water stress and nitrogen fertilizer effects on relative water content, membrane stability index, chlorophyll and some other traits of lentils (Lens culinaris L.) under hydroponics conditions. Res. J. Environ. Sci. 3:103-109.
201-Salma,U.K., F.Khatun., .,M.J.H.Bhuiyan.,S.Yasmin.,T.H.Khan. (2016). Invitro screening for drought tolerance of some chickpea varieties in Bangladesh. Progressive Agriculture 27 (2): 110-118, 2016. ISSN: 1017 – 8139.
202-Samarah, N.H., N.Haddad., A.M. Alqudah.(2009). Yield potential evaluation in chickpea genotypes under late terminal drought in relation to the length of reproductive stage. Ital. J. Agron. 2009, 3, 111–117.
203-Saxena, N.P., C.Johansen., M. C. Saxena., and S. N. Silim. (1993). Selection for drought and salinity tolerance in cool season food legumes. Pages 24–270 in Breeding for Stress Tolerance in Cool Season Food Legumes (Singh, K.B., and Saxena, M.C. eds.). UK: Wiley.
204-Schutz,W.,P.Milberg.,B.B.Lamont.,(2002).Germination requirements and seedling responses to water availability and soil type in four eucalypt specie, Acta Oecol., 23: 23-30.
205-Sehgal,A., K.Sita., K.H.M.Siddique., R.Kumar., M.J. Oliver.(2018). Drought or/and heat-stress effects on seed filling in food crops: Impacts on functional biochemistry, seed yields, and nutritional quality. Front. Plant Sci. 2018, 9, 1705.206-Shah,T.,A.Fareed.,M.Nauman.(2016).Biochemical and Agronomic Traits of Chickpea Cultivars Response to Drought Stress. Austin Food Sciences.
207-Shah, T.M.,Imran, M.,Atta,B.M., Ashraf,M.Y., Hameed,A., Waqar,I.,Shafiq,M.,Hussain,Kh.,Naveed,M.,Aslam,M.,Maqbool,M.A. (2020).Selection and screening of drought tolerant high yielding chickpea genotypes based on physio-biochemical indices and multi environmental yield trials . BMC Plant Biology . (2020) 20:171.
208- Shahryari, R., E. Gurbanov., A. Gadimov and D. Hassanpanah. (2008). Tolerance of 42 bread wheat genotypes to drought stress after anthesis. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 11(10): 1330-1335.
209-Shamsi,K.,S.Kobraee.,R.Haghparast.(2010).Drought stress mitigation using supplemental irrigation in rainfed chickpea (Cicer aretinum L.) varieties in Kermanshah, Iran Afr. J. Biotech. 9(27):4197-4203.
210-Sharp, R. E., W.K. Silk., and T. C. Hsiao. (1988). Growth of the maize primary root at low water potentials. I. Spatial distribution of expansive growth. Plant Physiol., 87 : 50-57.
211-Sharma-Natu, P and M. C. Ghildiyal (2005). Potential targets for improving photosynthesis and crop yield . India. CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 88, NO. 12, 25 P.1918-1928.
212-Siddlig A. M. Ali, Abdellatif, Idres I .( 2015). Germination and Seedling Growth of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucm L.) Cultivars under salinity conditions International Journal of Plant Research. 1(1):1-5213-Silim, S.N., and M.C. Saxena.(1993). Adaptation of spring sown chickpea to the Mediterranean basin. II Factors influencing yield under drought. Field Crops Res., 34: 147-157.
214-Sinaki, J.M., E.M. Heravan., A.H.S. Rad., G.h. Noormohammadi., Z.G.h. Ghasem. (2007). The effects of water deficit during growth stages of canola (Brassica napus L.). American-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci., 2: 417422.
215-Singh, A.K., and R.A. Singh.(1999). Effect of salinity on sodium, potassium and proline content of chickpea genotypes. Indian J. Plant Physiol., 4: 111-113.
216-Singh, K.B. (1997). Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), Field Crops Res., 53: 161-170.
217-Singh, K.B., and M.C. Saxena. (1991). Studies on drought tolerance. Pages 35-39 in Legume Program, Annual report for 1991. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria.
218-Singh, N.K., A.K. Handa., P.M. Hasegawa., and R.A. Bressan. (1985). Protein associated with adaptation of cultured tobacco cells to NaCl. Plant Physiol., 79: 126.
219-Singh, V.K., R.S. Dixit .(1992). Effect of soil moisture regime and sowing date on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Ind. J. Agron., 37: 739-743.
220-Sio-Se Mardeh, A., Ahmadi, A., Poustini, K., and V. Mohammadi (2006). Evaluation of drought indices under various invironment conditions. Field Crops Research, 98 (2-3): 222-229.221-Skribanek, A., and A. Tomcsányi. (2008). Predicting water stress tolerance of malting barley varieties with seedlings PEG-reactions. Acta Biologica Szegediensis, Volume 52(1):187-189.
222-Sleimi, N., Bankaji, I., Touchan, H and F. Corbineau (2013) . Effects of temperature and water stresses on germination of some varieties of chickpea (Cicer arietinum). African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(17): 2201-2206 .
223-Smita, K.J., H.Nayyar.(2005). Carbendazim alleviates effects of water stress on chickpea seedlings. Biologia Plantarum, 49: 289-291.
224-Soltani,A.,F.R.Khooie.,K.Ghassemi-Golezani.,and M. Moghaddam. (2001). A simulation study of chickpea crop response to limited irrigation in semiarid environment. Agricultural Water Management 95, 171–181.
225-Soltani, A.; Gholipoor, M., Zeinali, E. (2006). Seed reserve utilization and seedling growth of wheat as affected by drought and salinity”, Environ. Exp.Bot., 55: 195-200.
226-Strikanthbabu,V., G.kumar and B.T. Krishna Prasad.(2002). Identification of pea genotypes with enhanced thermo-tolerance using temperature induction response (TIR) technique.J.Plant Physiology.(159):535-545.
227-Sumera, I. and B .Asghari,.(2009). Water stress induced changes in antioxidant enzymes, membrane stability and seed protein profile of different wheat accessions. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 8 (23), pp. 6576-6587.228-Swaraj, K. and Bishnoi, N. R. (1996). Physiological and biochemical basis of nodule senescence in legumes. Plant Physiol Biochem 23: 105-16.
229-Tas, S., and B. Tas. (2007). Some physiological responses of drought stress in wheat genotypes with different ploidy in Turkey. World. J. Agric. Sci., 3: 178-183.
230-Tea, I., T.Genter., N. Naulet.,V.Boyer., M. Lummerzheim., D. Kleiber. (2004). Effect of foliar sulfur and nitrogen fertilization on wheat storage protein composition and dough mixing properties. Cereal Chem., 81: 759-766.
231-Teixeira, J., S. Pereira. (2007). High salinity and drought act on an organ-dependent manner on potato glutamine synthetase expression and accumulation, Environ. Exp. Bot., 60: 121-126.
232-Tekhanov,A.B.(1997).Klakasberekaioshe Abrabotka Botshfe B Odesske Oblacte,Odessa,Maiak,186p.11-21p.
233-Thill, D.C.; R.D. Schimman and A.P. Appeby . (1979). Osmotic stability of mannitol and polyethylene glycol 20000 solutions used as seed germination media. Agron. J. 71: 105-108.
234-Tian, X.; and Y. Lei (2006). Nitric oxide treatment alleviates drought stress in wheat seedling. Biologia Plantarum, 50(4),775-778.
235-Toker, C., M.I. Cagirgan. (1998). Assessment of response to drought stress of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) lines under rainfed conditions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 22 (6): 615-621.
236-Tuner N.C. 1986. Crop water deficits: a decade of progress.237-Turk, K.J.,A.E.Hall. (1980). Drought adaptation of cowpea. IV: Influence of drought on water use and relation with growth and seed yield. Agron. J., 72: 440- 448.
238-Turner, N. C., S. Abbo., J. D. Berger., S. K. Chaturvedi., R.J. French., C.Ludwig., D.M.Mannur., S.J.Singh., and H.S.Yadava. (2007). Osmotic adjustment in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) results in no yield benefit under terminal drought. J. Exp. Bot. 58, 187—194.
239-Uma, S., T.G.Prasad., and M. Udaya Kumar. (1995). Genetic variability in recovery and synthesis of stress proteins in response to polyeyhelene glycol ans salt stress in finger millet. Annals of Botany, 76: 43-49.
240-Urbieta,I.R.(2008). Soil water content and emergence time control seedling establishment in three co-occurring Mediterranean oak species. Can. J. For. Res. 38, 2382—2393.
241-Vadez, V.; J.D. Berger., T. Warkentin., S. Asseng., P. Ratnakumar., K.P.C. Rao.,P.M. Gaur.(2012). Adaptation of grain legumes to climate change: A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 2012, 32, 31–44.
242-Valentovic, P., M.Luxova., L.Kolarovic., O. Gasparikova. (2006). Effect of osmotic stress on compatible solutes content, membrane stability and water relationsin two mwize cultivars. Plant Soil Environ., 52(4): 186-191.
243-Valifard, M.,A. Moradshahi.,and B. Kholdebarin. (2012). Biochemical and physiological responses of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to drought stress applied at seedling stage. J. Agr. Sci. Tech., 14: 1567-1578.244-Verlag, F., M. Hara, S. Terashima, and T. Kuboi, (2001). Characterization and cryoprotective activity of cold-responsive dehydrin from Citrus unshiu. Plant Physiol. 1339, 1333—1339.
245-Varshney, R.K.; Thudi, M.; Nayak, S.N.; Gaur, P.M.; Kashiwagi, J.; Krishnamurthy, L.; Jaganathan, D.; Koppolu, J.; Bohra, A.; Tripathi, S.; (2014) . Genetic dissection of drought tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) . Theor. Appl. Genet. 2014, 127, 445–462.
246-Verslues, P.E., E.S. Ober and R.E. Sharp. (1998). Root growth and oxygen relations at low water potentials. Impact of oxygen availability in polyethelene glycol solutions. Plant Physiol. 116: 1403-1412.
247-Vladimir, C., and H. Milan. (1999). Microwave photochemistry. Photoinitiated radical addition of tetrahydrofuran to perfluorohexylethene under microwave irradiation. J. Photochemist and Photobiol., A: Chemistry., 123: 21-23.
248-Wahid, A., E. Rasul. (2005) . Photosynthesis in leaf, stem, flower and fruit, in: Pessarakli M. (Ed.), Handbook of Photosynthesis, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Florida, pp. 479–497.
249-Westgate, M. E. and J. S. Boyer. (1985). Osmotic adjustment and the inhibition of leaf, root, stem and silk growth at low water potentials in maize. Planta, 164: 540 -549.
250-William,P.C., and Singh,U.(1987). “Nutritional quality and the eval-uation of quality in breeding pro- grammes,”in The Chickpea, eds M. C.Saxena and K.B.Singh. Wallingford, UK:CAB International, 329–356.
251-Wilson, W.J., (1981). Analysis of growth, photosynthesis and light interception for single plant stand. Ann. of Bot. 48:507-512.252-Witkowski, E. T. F. and Lamont, B. B. (1991). Leaf Specific Mass Confounds Leaf Density and Thickness. Oecologia 88: 486.
253-Yadav, S. R., R. M. Yadav., and C. Bhushan. (2005) . Genotypic differences in physiological parameters and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under soil moisture stress conditions. Legume Res 28: 306-8.
254-Yordanov, I., V. Velikova., T. Tsonev. (2003). Plant responses to drought and stress tolerance. Bulgharestan Journal of Plant Physiology, 2, 187–206.
255-Yucel, D.O.; A.E. Anlarsal; D. Mart; and C. Yücel (2010). Effects of drought stress on early seedling growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. World Appl. Sci. J. 11(4):478-485.
256-Yucel,D and Mart,D.(2014). Drought Tolerance In Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences Special Issue: 1, 2014.
257-Yurekli, F., I. Turkan, Z. B. Porgalı, and S. F. Topcuoglu, (2001). Indoleacetic acid, gibberellic acid, zeatin, and abscisic acid levels in NaCl-treated tomato species differing in salt tolerance. Israel J. Plant Sci. 49, 269—277.
258-Zaman-Allah, M., D. M. Jenkinson, and V. Vadez, (2011). A conservative pattern of water use, rather than deep or profuse rooting, is critical for the terminal drought tolerance of chickpea. J. Exp. Bot. 62, 4239 —4252.
259-Zajac, T., S.Grzesiak., B. Kulig., M.Polacek. (2005). The estimation of productivity and yield of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) using the growth analysis. Acta Physiologiae.260-Zhang, Y. F., X. W. Huang., L. L. Wang., L. Wei., Z. H. Wu., M. S. You. (2014). Proteomic analysis of wheat seed in response to drought stress. J. Integr. Agric. 13, 919–925. doi: 10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60601-2.
261-Zhang,H.,M.Pala.,T.Oweis.,T.H.Harris.(2000). Water use and water use efficiency of chickpea and lentil in a Mediterranean environment. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 51:295-304.
262-Ziska, L.H., Hall, A.E. (1983). Seed yields and water use of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L.) subjected to planned-water deficit. Irrig. Sci., 3: 237246.
263-Zlatve, Z. S., and I. T. Yordanov, (2004) . Effects of soil drought on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in bean plants. Bulg. J. Plant Physiol. 30,3—18.
264-Zlatev, Z.; Lidon, F.C.(2012). An overview on drought induced changes in plant growth, water relations and photosynthesis. Emirates J. Food Agric. 2012, 24, 57–72.
类型
Thesis
2023-07-03
EndNote
