Study of the Residues of Pesticides in Tomato Fruits Collected from Damascus Markets and The Efficiency of Home Processing in Reducing that Residues

References Abou-Arab, A.A.K. 1999. Behavior of pesticides in tomatoes during commercial and home preparation. Food Chemistry (4), 509–551. Agrios, G.N. 2005. Plant Pathology.fifth Edition. New York, USA.: 948 Al naser, Z. 1999. Detection and elimination of certain fungicides residues in vegetables. Thesis of Doctor of Philosophy in Agricultural Science. P. 198. Ali, S. A., Mohamed E Abdel Aziz, Salah E Mohamed. 2020. Determination of Pesticides Residues in Eggplant and Tomatoes from Central Marked in Khartoum State Using Quechers Method and Gas Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res 24(2)- 2020.18165- 18173. Anastassiades, M.; Lehotay, S.J.; Štajnbaher, D. and F. J. Schenck. 2003. Fast and easy multiresidue method employing acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and dispersive solid-phase extraction for the determination of pesticide residues in produce. Journal AOAC Internacional, 86, 2, 412-431. Arias, L. A., C. R. Bojaca´, D. A. Ahumada, and E. Schrevens. 2014. Monitoring of pesticide residues in tomato marketed in Bogota, Colombia. Food Control 35:213–217. Ashutosh, K., Trivedi, ·M. K., Srivastava, M., Lohani. 2011. Monitoring of pesticide residues in market basket samples of vegetable from Lucknow City, India: QuEChERS method. Environ Monit Assess. 176:465–472. AVRDC. 2003. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Corporation, Progress report. Variations of anti-oxidants and their activity in tomato.70-115. Bajwa, U. and K. S. Sandhu. 2014. Effect of handling and processing on pesticide residues in food – a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51(2): 201-220Bakırcı, G.T.; Y. Acay, D.B.; Bakırcı, F. and S. Ötle. 2014. Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from the aegean region, Turkey. Food Chem. 160, 379–392. Balinova, A.M., Mladenova, R.I., Shtereva, D.D. 2006. Effects of processing on pesticide residues in peaches intended for baby food. Food Additives and Contaminants 23 (9), P. 895–901. Bempah, C. K., A. Buah-Kwofie, D. Denutsui, J. Asomaning, and A. O. Tutu. 2011. Monitoring of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables and related health risk assessment in Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana. Res. J. Environ. Earth Sci. 3:761–771. Bempah, C. K., A. Buah-Kwofie, D. Denutsui, J. Asomaning, and A. O. Tutu. 2011. Monitoring of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables and related health risk assessment in Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana. Res. J. Environ. Earth Sci. 3:761–771. Bhandari, G.; Zomer, P.; Atreya, K.; Mol, H.G.J.; Yang, X. and V. Geissen.2019. Pesticide residues in nepalese vegetables and potential health risks. Environ. Res. 172, 511–521. Bhanti, M. and A. Taneja. 2005. Monitoring of organochlorine pesticide residues in summer and winter vegetables from Agra, India—a case study. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 110:341–346. Burchat, CS, B.D. Ripley, P.D. Leishman, PD, G.M. Ritcey, Y. Burchat, CS, B.D. Ripley, P.D. Leishman, PD, G.M. Ritcey, Y. Kakuda and G. R. Stephenson 1998. The distribution of nine pesticides between the juice and pulp of carrots and tomatoes after home processing. Food Addit Contam. 15:61–71. Cabras, P., A. Angioni, V.L. Garau, M. Melis, F.M. Pirisi, F. Cabitza, M. Pala. 1998. Pesticide residues in raisin processing. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46: 2309-2311.Cabras, P., and A. Angioni. 2000. Pesticide residues in grapes, wine, and their processing products. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:967–973. Cengiz, M. F., Certel, M., Karakas, B and Gocmen, H. 2007. Residue contents of captan and procymidone applied on tomatoes grown in green houses and their reduction by duration of a pre harvest interval and post harvest culinary applications. Food chemistry. 100: 1611-1619. Cervera, M.I., Portoles, T., Lopez, F.J., Beltran, J., Hernandez, F. 2014. Screening and quantification of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables making use of gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 406:6843-6855. DOI:10.1007/s00216-014-7853-1 Claeys, W. L., S. Jean-Francois, C. Bragard, G. Maghuin-Rogister, P. Luc, and B. Schiffers. 2011. Exposure of several Belgian consumer groups to pesticide residues through fresh fruit and vegetable consumption. Food Control 22:508–516. Codex Alimentarius Commission. Pesticide Residues in Food and Feed. 2017. Plant Production and Protection Division. Available online: http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/ standards/pestres/en . Codex Alimentarius, Food Standards Programme.2000. Portion of commodities to which codex maximum residue limits apply and which is analyzed, 2000; 2A, Part 1, FAO/WHO, Rome. Corrias , F., A. Atzei, C. Lai , F. Dedola , E. Ibba , G. Zedda , F. Canu and A. Angioni. 2020. Effects of industrial processing on pesticide multiresidues transfer from raw tomatoes. Foods 2020, 9, 1497. 1-15. Desneux, N.; E. Wajnberg; K. Wyckhuys; C. Arva´ez-Vasquez; J. Gonza´lez-Cabrera; E. Tabone; J. Frandon; and A. Urbaneja. 2010. Biological invasion of European tomato crops by Tutab soluta: Ecology,geographic expansion and prospects for biological control .J. Pest. Sci. 83, 197–215.Dogheim, S. M., S. A. Gad Alla, and A. M. El-Marsafy. 2001. Monitoring of pesticide residues in Egyptian fruits and vegetables during. 1996. J. AOAC Int. 84:519–531. Elgueta, S., M. Valenzuela, M. Fuentes, P. E. Ulloa, C. Ramos, A. Correa and S. Molinett.2021. Analysis of multi-pesticide residues and dietary risk assessment in fresh Tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum) from local supermarkets of the metropolitan region, Chile. Toxics, 9, 249 .1-14. ESYD G-FYTOPROST. 2016. Guidance document on method validation and quality control procedures for pesticides residues laboratories. 1- 36. EU- MRLs in View of the First Establishment of Annex II to Regulation (EC) N. 396/2005. http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/pesticides/pesticide. European Commission. Health and Food Safety. 2016. Regulation. http://ec.europa.eu/food/ European Food Safety Authority. 2010. Annual report on pesticide residues according to article 32 of regulation (EC). EFSA. J. 8:1646. EXTOXNET. 1995. Pesticide Information Profi les: Deltamethrin. http://ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/ pips/deltamet.htm FAO, STAT. 2005. Food outlook, September 2005, www.fao.org/giews. FAO. http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor, accessed in April 2011. FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization). Food Standards Programme. 2017. Pesticide residues in food . Report of the Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment and the WHO Core Assessment Group on Pesticide Residues Rome, Italy. FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization). Food Standards Programme. 2020. Pesticide residues in food . Report of the Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Foodand the Environment and the WHO Core Assessment Group on Pesticide Residues Rome, Italy. FAO/WHO.2012. Updating the principles and methods of risk assessment: MRLs for pesticides and veterinary drugs: FAO; Rome http://ec.europa.eu/sanco_pesticides /public/index.cfm?event=substance.selection Farag, R.S., Abdel Latif, M.S., Abd El-Gawad,A.E., Dogheim, S.M. 2011. Monitoring of pesticide residues in some Egyptian herbs, fruits and vegetables. International Food Research Journal. 18: 646-652. Farag, R.S., M.S. Abdel Latif, A.E. Abd El-Gawad and S.M. Dogheim. 2011. Monitoring of pesticide residues in some Egyptian herbs, fruits and vegetables. International Food Research Journal. 18: 646-652. Furness, G. 2005. Chemical and integrated control of long tailed mealy bug Pseudococcus Longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in the riverland of South Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 28:319-332. Hadian, S., K. Rahnama, S. Jamali, and A. Eskandari. 2011. Comparing Neem extract with chemical control on Fusarium oxysporum and Meloidogyne incognita complex of tomato. Advances in Enviromental Biology 5(8):2052-2057. Harinathareddy, A., Prasad, N. B. L and Devi, K. L.2014. Effect of household processing methods on the removal of pesticide residues in tomato vegetable. Journal of Environmental Research and Development. 9(1): 50-57. Helfrich, LA. 2009. Aquatic animals; a guide to reducing impacts on aquatic systems, http//publc.ext.vt.edu/420/420-013/420-013htm. Accessed on June 3, 2011.Hepsa˘ g, F. and T. Kizildeniz. 2021. Pesticide residues and health risk appraisal of tomato cultivated in greenhouse from the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 28 18, 22551–22562. Holland, P. T., Hamilton, D., Ohlin, B. and M. W. Skidmore, M. W. 1994. Effects of storage and processing on pesticide residues in plant products. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 66, 335–356. Hossain, S., A. Hossain, A. Rahman, M. Islam, A. Rahman and T. M. Adyel. 2013. Health Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues via Dietary Intake of Market Vegetables from Dhaka, Bangladesh. Foods, 2, 350-351. Hussain, A., M.R. Asi, Z. Iqbal and J.A. Chaudhry. 1999. Impact of heavy repeated long-term pesticide applications on soil properties in cotton agroecosystem. Impact of long-term pesticide use on soil properties using radiotracer techniques. Report of a final research coordination meeting organized by Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture and held in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China 25-28 May, 1999, p. 143-148. Jallow; M., D. Awadh; M. Albaho; V. Devi; and N. Ahmad. 2017. Monitoring of pesticide residues in commonly used fruits and vegetables in kuwait. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 2017, 14, 833. Kamaraj, C., Rahuman, A. A. and Bagavan, A. 2008. Antifeedant and larvicidal effects of plant extracts against Spodoptera litura (F.), Aedes aegypti L. and Culex quinquefasciatus. Parasitol. Res., 2008, 103, 325–331. Kaushik, G., S. Satya, and S. N. Naik. 2009. Food processing a tool to pesticide residue dissipation – A review. Food Res. Int. 42:26–40. Kaushik, G., Satya, S., Naik,S.N. 2009. Food processing a tool to pesticide dissipation-Areview,Food research international,ELSEVIER.42.,26-40. Keikotlhaile, B. M., Spanoghe, P. and Steurbaut, W. 2010. Behaviour of pesticide residues in selected vegetables after domestic steaming. 62ndInternational Symposium on Crop Protection, May 18, Ghent University, Belgium. Ke-Qiang, C. A. O.and Bruggen, A. C. H. 2001. Inhibitory efficacy of several plant extractsand plant products on Phytophthora infestans. Journal Agric university of Hebei, Baoding. 71001, China. Kneˇzevim,´C, Z. and M. Serdar. 2009. Screening of fresh fruit and vegetables for pesticide residues on Croatian market. Food Control. 20:419–422. Kong, Z. Q., F. S. Dong, Xu, J., X. G. Liu, J. Li and Y. B. Li, Y. B. 2012. Degradation of acephate and its metabolite methamidophos in rice during processing and storage. Food Control, 23, 149–153. Lee, L.H., F. Choy, and S. Seeneevassen. 1998. Monitoring of some insecticides residues in vegetables and fruits at the market level, p. 95–102. Amos 98. Food and Agricultural Research Council, R`eduit Mauritius. Lewis, D.J, S.A. Thorpe, K. Wilkinson and S.L. Reynolds. 1998. The carrythrough of residues of maleic hydrazide from treated potatoes, following manufacture into potato crisps and jacket potato crisps. Food Addit Contam 15:506–509. Malhat, F. M., H. Watanabe and A. Youssef. 2015. Degradation profile and safety evaluation of methomyl residues in tomato and soil. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 8: 55-62. Maloy, O. 1993. Plant disease control, principles and practice, fungicide characteristics. John Wiley, New York. P.352. Mann.P.J . 2004. The Pesticide Manual. 3th ed. Database Right © 2004 BCPC (British Crop Protection Council. Mebdoua,S., Lazali,M., Ounane,S.M., Tellah,S. Nabi,F., Ounane,G .2017.Evaluation of pestivide residues in fruits and vegetables from Algeria;Food additives and contaminants;part B,Volume 10(2).Moura, A. C.M., I. N. Lago, C. F. Cardoso, A. dos Nascimentoa, I. Pereira, B. G. Vaz, 2020. Rapid monitoring of pesticides in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) during pre-harvest intervals by paper spray ionization mass spectrometry. A.C.M. Moura, et al. Food Chemistry 310 (2020) 125938 Mukherjee, I and M. Gopal. 2003. Pesticide Residues in Vegetables. In: Proceedings of symposium on risk assessment of pesticide residues in water and food, ILSI Washington DC, ITRC Lucknow and ICMR, New Delhi, India, pp. A1-8. Narenderan, S.T.; Meyyanathan, S.N.; Babu, B.2020. Review of Pesticide Residue Analysis in Fruits and Vegetables. Pre-Treatment, Extraction and Detection Techniques. Food Res. Int., 133, 109141. Osman, K.A.; A. I. Al-Humaid; S. M. Al-Rehiayani; K. N. Al-Redhaiman. 2011. Estimated daily intake of pesticide residues exposure by vegetables grown in greenhouses in Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. Food Cont, 22, 947–953. PAM, Pesticide Analytical Manual. 1994. 3rd ed.; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Food & Drug Administration; U.S. Government Printing Office; Washington, DC, Vol. I. Pandey, A. K., Namgyal, D., Mehdi, M., Mir, M. S. and Shikh, B. A.,2006. A case study: major insect pest associated with different vegetable crops in cold arid region, Ladakh of Jammu and Kashmir. J. Entomol. Res., 2006, 30, 169–174. Patil, D.A. and R.J. Katti. 2012. Modern agriculture, pesticides and human health: a case of agricultural labourers in western Maharashtra. Journal of Rural Development. 2012; 31(3):305-318. Phansawan, B., T. Prapamontol, P. Thavornyutikarn, S. Chantara, A. Mangklabruks and C. Santasup. 2015. A Sensitive Method for Determination ofCarbendazim Residue in Vegetable Samples Using HPLC-UV and Its Application in Health Risk Assessment. Chiang Mai J. Sci.; 42(3): 681-690. Phansawan, B., T. Prapamontol, P. Thavornyutikarn, S. Chantara, A. Mangklabruks and C. Santasup. 2015. A Sensitive Method for Determination of Carbendazim Residue in Vegetable Samples Using HPLC-UV and Its Application in Health Risk Assessment. Chiang Mai J. Sci.; 42(3) : 681-690. Pimentel, D.1997. Pest management in agriculture. In D. Pimentel (ed.), Techniques for reducing pesticide use: environmental and economic benefits. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1-11. Pritesh, P. and Subramanian, R. B. 2011. PCR based method for testing Fusarium wilt resistance of tomato. African Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(5); 222. Ramadan, M.F.A.; Abdel-Hamid, M.M.A.; Altorgoman, M.M.F.; AlGaramah, H.A.; Alawi, M.A.; Shati, A.A.; Shweeta, H.A.; Awwad, N.S.2020. Evaluation of Pesticide Residues in Vegetables from the Asir Region, Saudi Arabia. Molecules. 25, 205. Roy, N. K. 2002. Pesticide residues and their environmental implications. In: Roy, NK, editor. Chemistry of pesticides. New Delhi: CBS. p. 265–279. Salamzadeh, J.; Shakoori, A.; Moradi, V. 2018. Occurrence of Multiclass Pesticide Residues in Tomato Samples Collected from Different Markets of Iran. J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng. 2018, 16, 55–63. SANCO,.2010. European Commission Directorate General Health and Consumer Protection. Guidance document on pesticide residue analytical methods. SANCO/825. Satpathy G., Tyagi Y.K. and Gupta R.K. 2011). Removal of organophosphorus (OP) pesticide residues from vegetables using washing solutions and boiling. Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(2): 69-78Shehata, E. M. S., Y. A. Gehan and A. A. S. Ahmed. 2012. Pesticide-residue relationship and its adverse effects on occupational workers in Dakahlyia, Egypt. Applied Biological Research. 14(1): 24-32. Stock, R. F. 2004. Africa South of the Sahara: A Geographical Interpretation. Guilford Press, New York. Tomlin, C. 2004. The Pesticide Manual: A World Compendium. (13th ed.), British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, (United Kingdom). Trewavas, A. and D. Stewart. 2003. Paradoxical effects of chemicals in the diet on health. Current Opinion Plant Biol 6:185–190. Uysal-Pala,C., A. Bilisli. 2006. Fate of endosulfan and deltamethrin residues during tomato paste production. Journal of Central European Agriculture. Vol 7. No 2.343-348. Zawiyah, S., Che Man, Y. B., Nazimah, S. A. H., Chin, C. K.,Tsukamoto, I., Hamanyza, A. H., & Norhaizan, I. 2007. Determination of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides in fruit and vegetables using SAX/PSA clean-up column. Food Chemistry, 102: 98–103. Riedel-de Haen - Bayer Crops Science - BASF AG (France) – DOW. Zhao, L., Ge, J., Liu, F. and N. Jiang. 2014. Effects of storage and processing on residue levels of chlorpyrifos in soybeans. Food Chemistry, 150, 182–186.