Gensenoside Rg1 protects against lipopolysaccharide- and d-galactose-induced acute liver failure via suppressing HMGB1-mediated TLR4-NF-κB pathway

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a life-threatening acute liver injury (ALI) with high mortality. Gensenoside Rg1 (G-Rg1) effects on Lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) and d-galactose-(D-gal-) induced ALI, but its effects on ALF remained unclear. This paper aimed to validate its possible efficacy on ALF prevention.For in vivo studies, histological examination was performed using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransminase (AST), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) contents were measured. Levels of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) were quantified via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B was used for ALF model in vitro and its viability was measured by MTT assay. Expressions of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and toll-like receptor 4-Nuclear Factor-κB (TLR4-NF-κB) pathway-related proteins were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot as needed.G-Rg1 relieved LPS- and D-gal-induced hepatic injury, and reduced ALT, AST and MDA levels but upregulated SOD and GSH levels, with downregulation on TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Expressions of HMGB1, TLR4 and NF-κB pathway-related proteins were also down-regulated after G-Rg1 treatment both in vivo and in vitro, while BEAS-2B cell viability was increased. However, overexpressed HMGB1 reversed the effects of G-Rg1 treatment in vitro.G-Rg1 had a protective effect against LPS- and D-gal-induced ALF both in vitro and in vivo, which might be related to inhibited HMGB1-mediated TLR4-NF-κB Pathway. These discoveries suggested that G-Rg1 could be a potential agent for prevention against ALF.